1. Images shutterstock.com Food Science: An Old but New Subject Chapter 1

2. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Describe the three periods in the development of foods. Summarize how food products and processing methods have changed due to contributions of food scientists. Analyze how studying food science now can benefit you in the future. Objectives

3. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. What Is Food Science? Food science is the study of the nature of food, the causes of deterioration, the principles underlying food processing, and the improvement of foods for consumers It began to evolve when technology moved food preparation from the home to the factory continued

4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. What Is Food Science? It involves concepts from math, science, food preparation, health, and technical writing It focuses on what happens to foods before you eat them It also addresses nutrition, or what happens to foods after you eat them

5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Early Food Discoveries Civilizations formed where water, game, and land were abundant Foods, preparation techniques, and preservation methods were discovered by trial and error and by accident Drying, salting, smoking, and cooking over open flame were the earliest forms of food processing

6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Industrial Revolution Scientific advances brought changes in the economy and food production – The canning process reduced food spoilage – Specialized farm machinery and food processing equipment increased the food supply – New ingredients improved food quality and preparation ease

7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Government Regulation of the Food Industry The growing industry needed government regulations to maintain a consistent, economic, and convenient food supply Mass food production led to mass adulteration of food products – Ground pepper contained gravel and twigs – Vinegar was diluted with sulfuric acid – Milk had added water or other substances

8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Early Regulation The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) had authority to oversee food production and agricultural research – not to monitor or enforce safety USDA chemist Harvey Wiley fought to eliminate misnamed and adulterated foods – which led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) continued

9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Government Regulation Today Labeling and Nutrition Guidelines – Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966 requires honest, informative labels continued ©Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com

10. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Government Regulation Today Labeling and Nutrition Guidelines – Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 requires packaged foods to have a nutrition label and authorizes certain health claims – Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 requires food allergy warning labels continued

11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Government Regulation Today FDA—Regulates 80% of food supply, approves food additives, sets food labeling guidelines, and creates food safety and wholesomeness standards USDA—Oversees meat, poultry, and processed egg products; inspects processing plants; develops dietary guidance; and regulates organic foods

12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Contributions of Scientists: Expanded Food Supply Improve grain production to combat hunger Develop new production methods – Hydroponic crops are grown with their roots suspended in liquid nutrient solutions – Biotechnology is used to lower production costs and increase crop yields

13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Contributions of Scientists: New Food Products Meet demands for inexpensive, tasty, nutritious, convenience foods Develop foods for special needs such as armed services, sports, and health conditions – Food analogs are natural or manufactured substances used in place of foods or food components

14. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Contributions of Scientists: New Processing Techniques Develop new production processes to achieve greater food variety and choices – Examples: dehydrated food products and special packaging for space travel – Cryogenic liquids are substances used for quick-freezing that help preserve food color, texture, and nutritive value

15. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Contributions of Scientists: Attention to Global Concerns Scientists work to ensure food security, or having access to nutritionally adequate and safe food ©Goodluz/Shutterstock.com

16. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Why Study Food Science? Increase exposure to a variety of career opportunities Enhance problem-solving skills Learn – how to make healthier food choices – proper food preparation techniques – safe food handling practices

17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Major periods in the development of food are – early food discoveries – the industrial revolution – era of government regulations Contributions of food scientists include – an expanded food supply – new products and processes that offer greater safety, variety, and choice Recap continued

18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Studying food science offers – an understanding of healthier food choices, proper preparation techniques, and safe handling practices – improved problem-solving skills – an introduction to exciting career opportunities Recap