1. Classifying Animals The Invertebrates
Objectives:
Describe the characteristics used to classify animals into different groups
Discuss the characteristics of animals in different phyla
Explain how each successful phyla have become more complex and able to occupy more diverse habitats

2. Thinker…
Why is it thought that prokaryotic cells are more primitive than eukaryotic cells?

3. What Kingdom do I belong to?
Eubacteria
I am Prokaryotic.
I can live almost anywhere.
I reproduce asexually.
I usually have a cell wall.
I am heterotrophic (eat food) or autotrophic (make my own food.)

4. Plantae I am multicellular I have a cell wall
I make my own food (autotroph)

5. Protista I might be prokaryotic or eukaryotic I live in moist habitats
I can make my own food but some of my friends have to consume their food
I can be plant-like or animal-like
I can make you sick

6. Fungi I am a heterotroph I am sometimes confused with a plant
I am usually multicellular
I reproduce using spores

7. Archaebacteria I am prokaryotic
I live in harsh conditions (salt lakes, hot springs and animal guts)
I am a heterotroph
I do have a cell wall, but it is different from my cousins the Eubacteria

8. Animalia I am multicellular I usually reproduce sexually
My cells don’t have walls
I can fly, swim, walk or run

9. Classifying animals There are six commonly recognized Kingdoms
8Da
Classifying animals
There are six commonly recognized Kingdoms
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
The animal kingdom can be split, further, into two main groups:
animals with backbones (vertebrates)
animals without backbones (invertebrates). 9

10. Phylum There are more than 30 phyla in the animal kingdom.
All but one of these phyla are invertebrates
We belong to the one phyla that has vertebrates (Phylum Chordata)

11. Characteristics of all Animals
Heterotrophic (ingest and digest food)
Multicellular and some have specialized tissues and organs
Cells lack cell walls.
Most reproduce sexually and produce an embryo.

12. Classification… Organisms are classified based on several criteria…
Level of body organisation
Number of body layers
Symmetry
Body cavities
Movement
Reproduction
Digestion

13. 1. Level of body organisation
Are the cells organised into tissues or not?
Are the tissues organised into organs or not?
Are organs organised into organ systems?

14. 2. Number of body layers Two layers: Endo and Ectoderm
Three layers: Endo, Ecto and Mesoderm
Mesoderm gives rise to tissues and structures including bone, cartilage and muscle

15. 3. Symmetry Asymmetry: Irregular shape Radial: Bilateral: Each half is
a mirror image of the
other.

16. 4. Body cavities
Coelom: Fluid filled space inside the body (a body cavity)
Acoelomate: No coelom
Pseudocoelomate: Partially formed (not complete)
Coelomate: True body cavity completely lined with mesoderm

17. 5. Movement Sessile: Not able to move around Motile: Able to move
May have been able to at one point in development
Motile: Able to move

18. 6. Reproduction Asexual: Offspring from single parent
Sexual: Offspring from two parents

19. 7. Digestion
Sac-like: Mouth used for both intake of nutrients and exit of wastes
Tube-like: Separate openings for food intake and waste exit (Mouth and anus)

20. The Invertebrates…
Can you think of what organisms might be included in the invertebrate group???
Of the approximately 30 phylum of invertebrates there are 6 you should know…

21. The Simplest Animals
Phylum Porifera (Sponges): Once thought to be plants Cells are not arranged into specialized tissues or organs. No nervous system or brain No muscle tissue – No movement Rely on water flow for nutrients which are absorbed through pores in their outer walls

22. Invertebrates (5 other phyla)
8Da
Invertebrates (5 other phyla)
jellyfish
arthropods
echinoderms
molluscs
Annelida (segmented worms
cnidarians 22

23. Your Task
Groups of 4 or 5
Become experts, in your expert groups, on your chosen phyla of invertebrates.
Be prepared to teach others in your home group all about your phyla.

24. Plenary What distinguishes invertebrates from other organisms?
What are the different characteristics used to classify invertebrates?
What are the six phyla of invertebrates?
Tell me three things you learned in this lesson.
Tell me two things you already knew before this lesson?
What is one thing you would like to know more about? How can you find out?

25. Invertebrates Continued…
Today you will teach the members of your home group all about your phyla of invertebrates

26. Your task…
Get together with your expert group to review your phyla. (5 min)
Get back into your home groups and teach about your phyla (35 min). Make sure you can answer questions about your phyla.
As a group, answer the questions on your handout. Discuss your answers and come to a consensus about the answers

27. Phylum Cnidaria Exhibits radial symmetry.
Cells organized into tissues.
E.g., hydrozoans, jellyfish, sea anemones, sea fans and corals.

28. Phylum Cnidaria Two Main Cell Layers Ectoderm 2. ** Mesoglea: Endoderm
Covers outer body surfaces.
Some have muscle fibers or nerve nets which allows it to react to environmental stimuli. 2.
Covers inner body surfaces.
** Mesoglea:
A jelly-like layer between ectoderm and gastroderm.
Ectoderm
Endoderm

29. Phylum Cnidaria
All cnidarians have stinging structures within their tentacles.
Toxic substances paralyze prey.
Mouth/anus leads to gastrovascular cavity.
Where digestion, circulation and gas exchange occur.

30. Phylum Cnidaria
Lifecycle alternates between asexual sessile polyps and sexual free-swimming medusas.

31. Phylum Cnidaria Portuguese Man-of-War
Tentacles may be up to 55 m in length.

32. Annelida and Mollusca

33. Body Plan Exhibits bilateral symmetry.
Each half is a mirror image of the other.
Dorsal:
Ventral:
BACK
FRONT

34. Body Plan Cephalization (Position of nervous structures).
Sense organs and nerve cells concentrate at anterior end.
Bilaterally symmetrical animals move through environment with anterior end forward.
Coelom (fluid-filled body
cavity).
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Coelom
Endoderm

35. Phylum Annelida “Segmented Worms”
Live in marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments.
Segmented bodies and a coelom.
Segmentation allows for larger growth and enhanced locomotion.

36. Phylum Mollusca “Animals with a Shell”
Includes snails, slugs, clams, squids and octopuses.
Moist, muscular body without a skeleton.

37. All Mollusks
Have a…
Complete digestive tract
Body cavity (coelom)
Bilateral symmetry for at least part of their lives
They have primitive brains and can sense their environment using sense organs located on top of their head.

38. Phylum Mollusca Body Plan 1. 2. 3. Locomotion and feeding.
Tissue that covers gills and secretes shell. 3.
Internal Organs.
Muscular Foot
Mantle
Visceral mass

39. Phylum Mollusca Class Bivalva
Includes clams, oysters, scallops, mussels and other shellfish.
Flexible hinge connects two shells.
Have no head
They don’t move much
Filter feed

40. Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Includes snails and slugs.
                              
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Includes snails and slugs.
Use foot for locomotion.
Respiration through gills and moist skin.
                              
                              
Name means “stomach footed”

41. Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda
Includes squids, octopuses and nautilus.
Shell reduced to an internal rod.
Improves movement.
Cephalopoda means ‘head footed’
Most complex mollusks
Arms with suckers
Sexual reproduction

42. Phylum Echinodermata “Radially Symmetrical Marine Animals”
Includes sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers.
Larvae:
Adults:
Have an endoskeleton (internal skeleton) with spiny projections.
Water vascular system:
Bilateral Symmetry
Radial Symmetry (5 similar body segments = pentamerous)

44. Phylum Echinodermata

45. Phylum Arthropoda “Animals with an Exoskeleton”
1, 170, 000 species (mostly insects).
Segmented bodies, exoskeleton (external skeleton), jointed legs and blood cavity.
Exoskeleton composed of chitin:
Non-Living Material
Jointed Appendages
Outside skeleton protects muscles, organs and blood vessels.

46. Joint-Legged Animals

47. Phylum Arthropoda
As arthropods grow, they molt or shed exoskeleton and grow a new one.
Gills evolved in aquatic arthropods.
Tracheae developed in terrestrial arthropods.
Open circulatory system.
Blood cavity directly bathes internal organs.
Respiration
Circulation

48. Nervous System: Simple to complex
Digestive System made of three parts:
Foregut – mouth to esophagus
Midgut - stomach
Hindgut – intestine to anus
Reproduction:Sexual

49. Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnida
Includes scorpions, spiders, mites and ticks.
Cephalothorax: head fuses to thorax.
4 pairs of legs

50. Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea
Includes shrimp, lobsters, crayfish and crabs.
Three body segments:
Head, Thorax and Abdomen
Paired appendages attach to each segment.
Two pair of antennae
Three pair of feeding appendages
Respiration: Gills

51. Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta 1.5 million species.
Three body segments:
Head, Thorax and Abdomen
Antennae on head sense environment.
Three pairs of walking legs on thorax.
May be one or two pairs of wings
Respiration:
Air sacs and trachea that extend from external openings to tissues.

52. Phylum Arthropoda
Flying Insects: Two pairs of stiff wings attached to thorax.
Flies: One pair of wings.
Beetles: Front wings form hardened wing covers.

53. Phylum Arthropoda

54. Plenary…
Discuss answers to questions as a class.

55. Home Work…
For each phylum we have learnt about, describe how their structure is adapted to their habitat (Hint: pg 416, 427, 441)
What main characteristics are used to classify animals into different phyla?
Turn to pg 441. Do the classifying Invertebrates activity.
Turn to pg 445. Do question 25
H/W Finish answering questions on handout

56. Worm-like Animals
Phylum Platyhelminthes, Phylum Nematoda, Phylum Nematoda and Phylum Annelida

57. Body Plan Exhibits bilateral symmetry.
Each half is a mirror image of the other.
Dorsal:
Ventral:

58. Body Plan Cephalization. Coelom (fluid-filled body cavity).
Sense organs and nerve cells concentrate at anterior end.
Bilaterally symmetrical animals move through environment with anterior end forward.
Coelom (fluid-filled body cavity).

59. Phylum Platyhelminthes “The Flatworms”
No coelom due to flattened body.
Branched gastrovascular cavity increases surface area for digestion.
Many are marine parasites.

60. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Predators of scavengers
Marine and freshwater species.
Class Trematoda
Parasitic flatworms (blood flukes).
Sucker attaches fluke to host.
Can cause serious disease in
humans
One adverse effect of Clonorchis is the possibility for the adult metacercaria to consume all bile created in the liver, which would inhibit the host human from digesting, especially fats. Another possibility is obstruction of the bile duct by the parasite or its eggs, leading to biliary obstruction and cholangitis (specifically oriental cholangitis).

61. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Cestoda
Tapeworms (eat the food in our digestive tract)
Flat body composed of many sections.
Suckers and hooks attach tapeworm to intestines.

62. Phylum Nematoda “The Roundworms”
Have a complete digestive tract
Scavengers in soil and found at bottoms of lakes and ponds.
Some are parasites
Trichinosis
10,000 species identified.
Microscopic to 1 m in length.
Ascaris can cause blockage of intestine
Trichinosis worm burrows through intestinal wall and gets transported throughout body. Can get muscle causing pain.

63. Phylum Annelida “Segmented Worms”
Live in marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments.
Segmented bodies and a coelom.
Segmentation allows for larger growth and enhanced locomotion.
More advanced brain
More advanced digestive
system

64. Sources http://www.underwater.com.au/image.php/id/5254/

65. Joint-Legged Animals

66. Phylum Arthropoda “Animals with an Exoskeleton”
1, 170, 000 species (mostly insects).
Segmented bodies, exoskeleton (external skeleton), jointed legs and blood cavity.
Exoskeleton composed of chitin:
Non living
Thick and heavy or thin and light
Provides protection

67. Phylum Arthropoda
As arthropods grow, they moult or shed exoskeleton and grow a new one.
Respiration
Gills evolved in aquatic arthropods.
Tracheae developed in terrestrial arthropods.
Circulation
Open circulatory system.
Blood cavity directly bathes internal organs.

68. Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnida
Includes scorpions, spiders, mites and ticks.
Cephalothorax: head fuses to thorax.
4 pairs of legs:
The first pair may serve sensory function
Used for feeding, defense and locomotion

69. Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea
Includes shrimp, lobsters, crayfish and crabs.
Three body segments:
Head, Thorax, Abdomen
Paired appendages attach to each segment.
Two pairs of antennae
Feeding appendages
Appendages for moving

70. Phylum Arthropoda
Feathered gills increase surface area for gas exchange.

71. Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta 1.5 million species.
Three body segments:
Head, Thorax, Abdomen
Antennae on head sense environment.
Three pairs of walking legs on thorax.
Respiration:
Air sacs and trachea that extend from external openings to tissues.

72. Phylum Arthropoda
Flying Insects: Two pairs of stiff wings attached to thorax.
Flies: One pair of wings.
Beetles: Front wings form hardened wing covers.

73. Phylum Arthropoda Growth and Development:
Body plan stays the same as the animal develops.
Metamorphosis
Body plan changes as the animal develops.
Change in diet lowers competition between larvae and adults.

74. Phylum Arthropoda Complete metamorphosis in ants.
Incomplete metamorphosis in dragonfly.

75. Both have up to 100 pairs of legs.
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Diplopoda and Chilopoda
Diplopods are millipedes.
Each body segment has two pairs of legs.
Chilopods are centipedes.
Each body segment has one pair of legs.
Both have up to 100 pairs of legs.

76. Phylum Arthropoda

77. Sources

78. Plenary