1. 57445 HCC were registered 31743 HCC with complete data 10114 underwent surgical resection 9577 underwent local ablation therapies 9283 underwent TACE 1150 underwent chemotherapy 827 received other treatments such as radiation therapy 476 underwent continuous arterial infusion of 5-FU and CDDP* 674 underwent other chemotherapy 25702 were excluded due to insufficient data 1466 received no active therapy* Supplementary Figure 1. Flow of participants into the study. Survival of two groups with asterisk were compared. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; TACE, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; 5-FU, 5- fluorouracil; CDDP, cisplatin.

2. SubgroupHR95% CI HBsAg-positive0.450.33–0.62 HBsAg-negative0.480.40–0.57 More than 3 tumors0.410.33–0.49 Fewer than 3 tumors0.550.43–0.69 Tumor size >3cm0.460.39–0.54 Tumor size ≤3cm0.590.40–0.86 Distant metastasis0.450.38–0.54 No distant metastasis0.510.37–0.70 VP 0/1/20.550.44–0.67 VP 3/40.400.32–0.49 Alpha-fetoprotein >400 ng/mL0.440.36–0.54 Alpha-fetoprotein ≤400 ng/mL0.510.41–0.64 00.51.0 Supplementary Figure 2. Forest plot for the risk of hepatic arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin (HAIC). Subgroup analysis showed a benefit of HAIC compared with no active therapy regardless of the values of prognostic factors. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

3. Survival Rate Months after diagnosis Patients at risk HAIC No therapy 18581 3918116 3 18538 171064 2 HAIC No therapy Supplemantary Figure 3. Survival of propensity score-matched patients with Child-Pugh A/B disease and more than three tumors. Patients who underwent hepatic arterial infusion of 5- fluorouracil and cisplatin (HAIC) or no active therapy (no therapy) were compared. Median survival times were 13.9 months (HAIC) and 3.7 months (no therapy) (P<.0001).

4. Months after diagnosis Survival Rate Patients at risk HAIC No therapy 18957 19841 18929 10743 3 HAIC No therapy - Supplementary Figure 4. Survival of propensity score-matched patients with Child-Pugh A/B disease and portal vein tumor thrombus. Patients who underwent hepatic arterial infusion of 5- fluorouracil and cisplatin (HAIC) or no active therapy (no therapy) were compared. Median survival times were 7.9 months (HAIC) and 3.1 months (no therapy) (P<.0001).