1. McGraw-Hill © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Variables, Constants, and Calculations

2. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-2 Objectives (1 of 2) Distinguish between variables, constants, and controls. Differentiate among the various data types. Apply naming conventions incorporating standards and indicating the data type. Declare variables and constants. Select the appropriate scope for a variable. Convert text input to numeric values.

3. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-3 Objectives (2 of 2) Perform calculations using variables and constants. Convert between numeric data types using implicit and explicit conversions. Round decimal values using the Decimal.Round method. Format values for output using the ToString method. Use Try/Catch blocks for error handling. Display message boxes with error messages. Accumulate sums and generate counts.

4. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-4 Data — Variables and Constants (1 of 2) Variable Memory locations that hold data that can be changed during project execution Example: customer’s name Named Constant Memory locations that hold data that cannot be changed during project execution Example: sales tax rate

5. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-5 Data — Variables and Constants (2 of 2) In Visual Basic, when you declare a Variable or Named Constant An area of memory is reserved A name is assigned called an Identifier Follow rules and naming conventions Use Declaration Statements to establish Variables and Constants, Assign name and data type, Not executable unless initialized on same line

6. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-6 Data Types Data TypeUse ForStorage Size in bytes BooleanTrue or False value2 Byte0 to 255, binary data1 ClearSingle Unicode character2 Date1/1/0001 through 12/31/99998 DecimalDecimal fractions, such as dollars/cents16 SingleSingle precision floating-point numbers with six digits of accuracy 4 DoubleDouble precision floating-point numbers with 14 digits of accuracy 8 ShortSmall integer in the range -32,768 to 32,7672 IntegerWhole numbers in the range -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647 4 LongLarger whole numbers8 StringAlphanumeric data: letters, digits, and other charactersVaries ObjectAny type of data4

7. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-7 Naming Variables and Constants Must follow Visual Basic Naming Rules Should follow Naming Conventions Meaningful names consisting of letters, digits, and underscores; must begin with a letter and no spaces or periods. Include class (data type) of variable (QUOTA_Integer) Use mixed case for variables and uppercase for constants (quantityInteger). Cannot use reserved words or keywords to which Basic has assigned a meaning, such as print, name, and value

8. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-8 Constants Named User assigned name, data type, and value Use CONST keyword to declare. Intrinsic System defined within Visual Studio Const COMPANY_ADDRESS_String As String = "101 S. Main Street" Const SALES_TAX_RATE_Decimal As Decimal =.08D

9. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-9 Assigning Values to Constants DecimalDDecimal – 850.50D DoubleRDouble – 52875.8R IntegerIInteger – 12345678I LongLLong – 134257987L ShortS SingleFSingle – 101.25F Declare the data type of numeric constants by appending a type-declaration character.

10. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-10 Declaring Variables Declared inside a procedure using a Dim statement Declared outside a procedure using Public, Private, or Dim statements Always declare the variable’s data type. May declare several variables with one statement. Use IntelliSense to assist in writing statements.

11. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-11 Declaration Statement Examples Dim customerNameStringAs String Private totalSoldIntegerAs Integer Dim temperatureSingleAs Single Dim priceDecimalAs Decimal Private priceDecimalAs Decimal

12. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-12 Scope and Lifetime of Variables (1 of 2) Visibility of a variable is its scope. Scope may be Namespace Module level Local Block level Lifetime of a variable is the period of time the variable exists.

13. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-13 Module Level Variable Declaration Example Code module-level declarations in the Declaration section at the top of the code.

14. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-14 Calculations Calculations can be performed with variables, constants, properties of certain objects, and numeric literals. Do not use strings in calculations. Values from Text property of Text Boxes Are strings, even if they contain numeric data Must be converted to a numeric data type before performing a calculation

15. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-15 Converting Strings to a Numeric Data Type Use Parse methods to convert the Text property to its numeric form before it’s used in a calculation. Each numeric data type class has a Parse method. Parse method returns a value that can be used in calculations. Parse method fails if user enters nonnumeric data or leaves data blank.

16. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-16 Converting to String Values assigned to string variables or Text properties must be string. Convert any numeric data type to string using.ToString method. Examples: ResultTextBox.Text = ResultDecimal.ToString() CountTextBox.Text = CountInteger.ToString() IDString = IDInteger.ToString()

17. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-17 Conversion Methods MethodConvert To Integer.ParseInteger Decimal.ParseDecimal.ToStringString

18. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-18 Conversion Examples QuantityInteger =Integer.Parse(quantityTextBox.Text) PriceDecimal =Decimal.Parse(priceTextBox.Text) WholeNumberInteger =Integer.Parse(digitString) ResultTextBox.Text =ResultDecimal.ToString( ) CountTextBox.Text =CountInteger.ToString( ) IDString =IDInteger.ToString( )

19. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-19 Arithmetic Operations OperatorOperation +Addition –Subtraction *Multiplication /Division \Integer Division ModModulus – Remainder of division ^Exponentiation

20. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-20 Order of Operations Hierarchy of operations, or order of precedence, in arithmetic expressions from highest to lowest 1. Any operation inside parentheses 2. Exponentiation 3. Multiplication and division 4. Integer division 5. Modulus 6. Addition and subtraction

21. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-21 Evaluation of Expression 1. All operations within parentheses. Multiple operations within the parentheses are performed according to the rules of precedence. 2. All exponentiation. Multiple exponentiation operations are performed from left to right. 3. All multiplication and division. Multiple operations are performed from left to right. 4. All integer division. Multiple operations are performed from left to right. 5. Mod operations. Multiple operations are performed from left to right. 6. All addition and subtraction are performed from left to right.

22. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-22 Mathematical Examples Note the use of parentheses to control order of precedence. 3+4*2 = 11Multiply then add (3+4)*2 = 14Parentheses control: add then multiply 8/4*2 = 4Same level, left to right: divide then multiply

23. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-23 Using Calculations in Code Perform calculations in assignment statements. What appears on right side of assignment operator is assigned to item on left side. Assignment operators — allows shorter versions of code =, +=, -=, *=, /=, \=, &= ‘Accumulate a total. TotalSalesDecimal += salesDecimal

24. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-24 Option Explicit and Option Strict Option Explicit forces variables to be declared before using. Option Strict Makes VB a strongly typed language like C++, Java and C# Does not allow implicit conversions from a wider data type to a narrower one or between String and numeric data types Best practice to always turn on either in code or in Project Properties dialog box

25. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-25 Converting Between Numeric Data Types Implicit (automatic) conversion Converts value from narrower data type to wider type where no danger of losing precision exists Explicit conversion (casting) Uses methods of Convert class to convert between data types Convert Class has methods that begin with “To” for each of the data types.

26. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-26 Performing Calculations with Unlike Data Types VB performs the calculations using the wider data type. Use a cast if converting the result to a different data type. Example: Convert.ToInt32(CountInteger / NumberDecimal) or Convert.ToSingle(CountInteger / NumberDecimal). VB does not convert to a different data type until it is necessary.

27. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-27 Rounding Numbers Round decimal fractions Decimal.Round method returns a decimal result rounded to a specified number of decimal positions. Decimal.Round and Convert methods use technique called “rounding toward even.” Decimal Value to Round Number of Decimal PositionsResults 1,45521.46 1,45521.44 1.502 2.502

28. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-28 Formatting Data for Display To display numeric data in a label or text box, first convert value to string. Use ToString method Format the data using formatting codes. Specifies use of dollar sign, percent sign, and commas Specifies number of digits that appear to right of decimal point DisplayTextBox.Text = NumberInteger.ToString()

29. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-29 Using Format Specifier Codes "C" code Currency — String formatted with dollar sign, commas separating each group of 3 digits and 2 digits to the right of decimal point "N" code Number — String formatted with commas separating each group of 3 digits and 2 digits to the right of decimal point Can specify number of decimal positions Example: "C0" zero digits

30. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-30 Format Specifier Codes Name C or cCurrency F or fFixed-point N or nNumber D or dDigits P or pPercent

31. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-31 Format Specifier Code Examples VariableValueCodeOutput totalDecimal1125.6744"C""C"$1,125.67 totalDecimal1125.6744"N0"1,126 pinInteger123"D6"000123 rateDecimal0.075"P""P"7.50% rateDecimal0.075"P3"7.500% rateDecimal0.075"P0"8% valueInteger-10"C""C"($10.00)

32. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-32 Date Specifier Code Format DateTime values using format codes and ToString method. Date codes are case sensitive.

33. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-33 Handling Exceptions Use structured exception handling to easily catch errors before run-time error occurs. Catching exceptions is referred to as error trapping. Coding to handle exception is called error handling. Error handling in Visual Studio.NET is standardized for all languages using the Common Language Runtime, CLR, which improves on previous versions of VB.

34. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-34 Try/Catch Blocks Enclose statements that might cause an error within Try/Catch block. If an exception occurs while statements in the Try block are executing, program control is transferred to the Catch Block. If a Finally statement is included, the code in that section executes last, whether or not an exception occurred.

35. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-35 Try Block — General Form Try ‘statements that may cause an error Catch [VariableName As ExceptionType] ‘statements for action when an exception occurs [Finally ‘statements that always execute before exit of the Try block] End Try

36. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-36 Try Block — Example Catches Any Exception Try QuantityInteger = Integer.Parse(QuantityTextBox.Text) QuantityTextBox.Text = QuantityInteger.ToString( ) Catch MessageLabel.Text = "Error in input data." End Try

37. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-37 Try Block — Example Catches Specific Exception This Catch statement catches bad input data that cannot be converted to numeric. Catch theException As FormatException MessageLabel.Text="Error in input data." End Try

38. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-38 Common Exception Classes Each exception is an instance of the Exception class. The properties of this class allow you to determine the code location of the error, the type of error, and cause.

39. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-39 Try Block — Example Handling Multiple Exceptions Catch TheException As FormatException ' Statements for nonnumeric data. Catch TheException As ArithmeticException ' Statements for calculation problem. Catch TheException As Exception ' Statements for any other exception.

40. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-40 MessageBox Object (1 of 2) The MessageBox is an overloaded method. Signatures correspond to the argument list. There are multiple signatures to choose from. Do not reverse, transpose, or leave out any of the arguments. IntelliSense displays argument list (also called signatures). MessageBox.Show (TextMessage, TitlebarText, _ MessageBoxButtons, MesssageBoxIcon)

41. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-41 MessageBox Object (2 of 2) TextMessage string String literal or variable that displays message Title Bar text String that appears in title bar of message box MessageBox Buttons OK, OKCancel, RetryCancel, YesNo, YesNoCancel, AbortRetryIgnore MessageBox Icons Asterisk, Error, Exclamation, Hand, Information, None, Question, Stop, Warning

42. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-42 Using Overloaded Methods This OOP feature allows the Show method to act differently for different arguments. Each argument list is called a signature so the Show method has several signatures. Supplied arguments must exactly match one of the signatures provided by the method. IntelliSense in Visual Studio editor helps when entering arguments so that they don’t need to be memorized.

43. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-43 Testing Multiple Fields Each input field presents an opportunity for an exception. To indicate specific fields that caused the exception, use nested Try/Catch blocks. Pinpoints specific errors, and after error, sets focus back to field in error Use SelectAll method of text box to make text appear selected to aid user.

44. McGraw-Hill© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3-44 Counting and Accumulating Sums Declare module-level variables, since local level variables reset to 0 each time the procedure is called. Summing Numbers Counting Calculating an Average DiscountedPriceSumDecimal += DiscountedPriceDecimal Private saleCountInteger As Integer saleCountInteger += 1 AverageDiscountedSaleDecimal = DiscountedPriceSumDecimal / SaleCountInteger