3. Today Towards the end of the semester Last week of class Already learned Heb 132 Chart from Basics of Biblical Hebrew, Pratico & Van Pelt 2/3 of the 72,000 verbs in the Hebrew Bible are Qal stem.

4. 3ms קָטַל he killed 3fs קָטְלָה she killed 2ms קָטַלְתָּ you (m) killed 2fs קָטַלְתְּ you (f) killed 1cs קָטַלְתִּי I killed 3cp קָטְלוּ they killed 2mp קְטַלְתֶּם you (mp) killed 2fp קְטַלְתֶּן you (fp) killed 1cp קָטַלְנוּ we killed 3ms is the basic form of the perfect verb and does not have a suffix. 1cs, 1cp and 3cp do not distinguish between masculine and feminine and are referred to as “common”. Though variations may occur in the verb stem, the suffixes remain the same. The vowels of a verb stem may reduce according to the principles of vowel reduction explained in Chapter 2. When a verb’s final root consonant is identical to the first consonant of the suffix, the two consonants combine. For example: כָּרַת + תִּי combine to create כָּרַתִּי for the first common singular “I cut”. Perfect verb form features suffixes (see red font)

5. The perfect verb represents: 1. Completed action such as past tense (I wrote) and present perfect tense (I have written). כָּתַבְתִּי I wrote/I have written 2. Perception, attitude or disposition. For example: יָדְעוּ They know/they knew/they have known. 3. State of being, which is translated with the English “to be” verb combined with an adjective. For example: זָקֵן He is old. חָזְקוּ They are strong. 4. Habitual activity, mainly in Hebrew poetry. Habitual activity does not have a tense. This form is rarely used in prose. For example: יָעַצְתִּי I advise. כָּתַבְתָּ You (m.s.) write. Most Perfect Verbs should be translated as Past Tense/Completed Action! (see number 1)

6. 3ms קָטַל he killed 3fs קָטְלָה she killed 2ms קָטַלְתָּ you (m) killed 2fs קָטַלְתְּ you (f) killed 1cs קָטַלְתִּי I killed 3cp קָטְלוּ they killed 2mp קְטַלְתֶּם you (mp) killed 2fp קְטַלְתֶּן you (fp) killed 1cp קָטַלְנוּ we killed Key: Qamets vowel beneath first root consonant. Exception: Heavy endings force propretonic vowel reduction of the qamets to a shewa. (see 2mp, 2fp)

7. Identify: Verbal Stem (Qal, Niphal, Piel, Pual, Hiphil, Hophal, Hithpael) Conjugation (Perfect, Imperfect, Participle, Imperative, etc.) PNG (Person, Number, Gender) For example: 2ms, 1cs, 3mp, etc. Verbal Root (3 consonant root) For example: the root for זָכַרְתִּי is זכר זָכַרְתִּי = Qal Perfect 3ms זכר Root vs. Stem זכר vs. זָכַר

8. Parse the following: חָטָאנוּ שָׁמַעְנוּ שָׁמַרְנוּ דָּרַשְׁנוּ לָכָדְנוּ מָרַדְ נוּ שָׁכַבְתִּי בָחָרְתִּי גְאַלְתִּי פְּקַדְתִּי אָכָלְתִּי עֲשִׂיתֶן עֲזַבְתֶּן יְדַעְ תֶּן יָלַדְתְּ זָכַרְתִּי אָכָלְתִּ י אָמַרְ תְּ שְׁמַעְתֶּם בְּחַרְתֶּם בְּגַדְתֶּם אָמַרְתָּ עָשִׂיתָ יָדַעְתָּ שָׁמְעוּ נָפְלוּ עָזְבוּ שָׂרְפוּ שָׁקְטָהכָּלְתָה דָּלְפָהזָכְרָהרָפְתָה אָמַרמָלַךְבָּנָה

9. Parse the following: חָטָאנוּ שָׁמַעְנוּ שָׁכַבְתִּי עֲשִׂיתֶן יָלַדְתְּ שְׁמַעְתֶּם שָׁקְטָה זָכְרָה בָּנָה שָׁמַרְנוּ דָּרַשְׁנוּ בָחָרְתִּי עֲזַבְתֶּן זָכַרְתִּי שָׁמְעוּ נָפְלוּ רָפְתָה אָמַר 1 st Common Plural 1 st Common Singular 2 nd Feminine Plural 2 nd Feminine Singular 2 nd Masculine Plural 3 rd Feminine Singular 1 st Common Plural 3 rd Feminine Singular 3 rd Masculine Singular 1 st Common Plural 3 rd Common Plural 1 st Common Singular 2 nd Feminine Plural 1 st Common Plural 3 rd Common Plural 1 st Common Singular 3 rd Feminine Singular 3 rd Masculine Singular

10. לָכָדְנוּ גְאַלְתִּי פְּקַדְתִּי בְּחַרְתֶּם בְּגַדְתֶּם אָמַרְתָּ עָשִׂיתָ שָׂרְפוּ כָּלְתָה מָרַדְ נוּ אָכָלְתִּי יְדַעְ תֶּן אָכָלְתִּ י אָמַרְ תְּ יָדַעְתָּ עָזְבוּ דָּלְפָה מָלַךְ 1 st Common Singular 2 nd Masculine Plural 2 nd Masculine Singular 1 st Common Plural 2 nd Masculine Singular 3 rd Feminine Singular 1 st Common Singular 2 nd Masculine Plural 3 rd Common Plural 1 st Common Singular 2 nd Masculine Singular 1 st Common Plural 2 nd Feminine Singular 3 rd Common Plural 2 nd Feminine Plural 1 st Common Singular 3 rd Feminine Singular 3 rd Masculine Singular

12. In English, the usual word order is subject, verb, and object. For example: “David slew Goliath.” In Hebrew, the word order of a sentence is usually verb, subject, object. For example: הָאִשָׁה יֶלֶד יָלְדָה Literal: Bore the woman a child. Idiomatic: The woman bore a child. זָכַר הַמֶּלֶךְ אֵת־הַעֶבֶד Literal: Remembered the king the servant. Idiomatic: The king remembered the servant. The verb agrees with the subject’s person, number, and gender. Adverbial elements usually follow the verb, subject, and object.

13. Pronominal subjects are built into the verb’s form. For example: הָלְכוּ אֶל־הַנָּהָר Literal: Walked they to the river. Idiomatic: They walked to the river. כָּתְבָה אֶת־הַסֵּפֶר Literal: Wrote she the book. Idiomatic: She wrote the book. The word לׂא is used to negate the perfect and is placed before the verb. For example: לֹא זָכַר אֶת־הַסֵּפֶר Literal: Not he remembered the book. Idiomatic: He did not remember the book.

14. An exception occurs when the indirect object is a pronominal (me, you, him, her, etc.) and the direct object is not a pronominal. In these cases the order is reversed. נָתַן לִי אֶת־הַסֵּפֶר Literal: Gave he to me the book. Idiomatic: He gave me the book. Usually the indirect object follows the direct object. For example: נָתַן הַמֶּלֶךְ אֶת־הַבַּיִת לָָאִשָׁה Literal: Gave the king the house to the woman. Idiomatic: The king gave the house to the woman. (“to the woman” is the indirect object)

15. The conjunction וְ (and, but, or, also, even) varies before the beginning of words that have the following traits: The form is וּ when placed before words beginning with ב, פ, or מ. For example: מַיִם water וּמַיִם and water מֶלֶךְ a king וּמֶלֶךְ and a king בַּיִת a house וּבַיִת and a house When a word begins with יְ, the וְ and יְ contract to וִי. For example: יְהוּדָה Judah וִיהוּדָה and Judah יְשׁוּעָה salvation וִישׁוּעָה and salvation

16. The form is וּ when placed before most words whose first consonant takes a shewa. For example: שְׁמוּאֵל Samuel וּשְׁמוּאֵל and Samuel When the first consonant of a word takes a composite shewa, the conjunction’s vowel matches the short vowel of the composite shewa. For example: חֳלִי sickness וָחֳלִי and sickness אֲרָצוֹת lands וַאֲרָצוֹת and lands