1. Introduction to Verbs (Chapter 15)
Greek I
Introduction to Verbs
(Chapter 15)

2. Exegetical Insight – 1 John 2:1 and 3:6
1 John 2:1 Tekni,a mou( tau/ta gra,fw u`mi/n i[na mh. a`ma,rthteÅ kai. eva,n tij a`ma,rth|( para,klhton e;comen pro.j to.n pate,ra VIhsou/n Cristo.n di,kaion\
1 John 3:6 pa/j o` evn auvtw/| me,nwn ouvc a`marta,nei\ pa/j o` a`marta,nwn ouvc e`w,raken auvto.n ouvde. e;gnwken auvto,nÅ

3. Exegetical Insight – 1 John 2:1 and 3:6
1 John 2:1 Tekni,a mou( tau/ta gra,fw u`mi/n i[na mh. a`ma,rthteÅ kai. eva,n tij a`ma,rth|( para,klhton e;comen pro.j to.n pate,ra VIhsou/n Cristo.n di,kaion\
1 John 3:6 pa/j o` evn auvtw/| me,nwn ouvc a`marta,nei\ pa/j o` a`marta,nwn ouvc e`w,raken auvto.n ouvde. e;gnwken auvto,nÅ

4. Overview of this Lesson
In this lesson we will learn:
the basic grammar of English verbs;
the meanings of such terminology as agreement, person, number, tense, time, voice, mood;
the main components of the Greek verb: stem, connecting vowel, and personal ending;
the concept of “aspect” and its significance for a proper understanding of the Greek verb.

5. English Grammar Person Number – either singular or plural
Verb – a word that describes action or state of being.
I am studying Greek.
Greek is the language of the New Testament.
Person
First (I, we)
Second (you)
Third (he, she, it, they)
Number – either singular or plural
I am the teacher.
You are the students.
Agreement – A verb must agree with its subject in person and number.
Time – when the action takes place (past, present, future)

6. English Grammar
Tense – In English, tense refers to both the time of the action and the form of the word.
I study – present tense
I will study – future tense
I studied – past tense
Note: the time of the verb is from the standpoint of the speaker/writer, not the reader.
Aspect: What is the difference between:
I studied last night.
I was studying last night.
The difference is in the kind of action: completed versus continuous.

7. English Grammar Aspect and time present past future completed I study
I studied
I will study
continuous
I am studying
I was studying
I will be studying

8. English Grammar
Voice – refers to the relationship between the subject and the verb.
Active – the subject does the action of the verb.
Bill hit the ball.
Passive – the subject receives the action of the verb.
Bill was hit by the ball.

9. Greek Grammar
Agreement – Just as in English, Greek verbs must agree with their subjects in person and number. Personal endings distinguish these various verb forms.

10. Greek Grammar In Greek, Tense has two components:
The time of the action (past, present, or future)
The kind of action. This is called aspect, and is the more dominant feature in Greek tense.
Continuous means that the action of the verb is thought of as an ongoing process.
Undefined aspect means that the action of the verb is thought of as a simple event, without further comment about the kind of action.
Voice – there are 3 in Greek:
Active
I eat.
Passive
I am being eaten.
Middle – no English equivalent; will discuss more in chapter 25.

11. Main Components of the Greek Verb
Stem carries the basic meaning.
Connecting vowel aids in pronunciation.
Personal endings reveal person and number.
How you would parse the verb above:
Tense, voice, mood, person, number, lexical form, meaning.
Present, active, indicative, first person plural, from lu,w, meaning “I loose.”

12. Keep Parsing of Nouns and Verbs Straight
Verbs do not have case or gender; nouns do not have person.
Nouns
Case, gender, number
Verbs
Tense, voice, mood, person and number

13. For Next Week
No vocab from chapter 15, no vocab quiz next week. This is a good week to catch up.
Do Review #3 as follows:
Go through and answer all the ones you can without looking back at the book.
Then look at the book for help on the ones that you need to.
Read through the passage from 1 John. You need not write out the translation. See how much you can translate as you read.
Read chapter 16 on Present Active Indicative, pp