1. Gender Differences in Financial Reporting Decision- Making: Evidence from Accounting Conservatism Bill Francis, Iftekhar Hasan, Jong Chool Parka, Qiang Wu * Lally School of Management and Technology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA 報告人 : 佘濰任

2. Abstract ※ This paper investigates the effect of gender on corporate financial reporting decision-making. ※ By focusing on firms that experience changes of CFO from male to female, we compare the firms’ degree of reporting conservatism between pre- and posttransition period.

3. Gender Differences in Financial Reporting Decision-Making Section1: Introduction Section2: Relevant research and hypothesis Section3: Introduces the measures of conservatism in our analysis Section4 : Sample selection Section5 : The results of multivariate tests

4. Introduction Gender differences in attitudes towards risk and in risk related behavior have long been studied in the sociology, psychology and economics literatures We examine whether female CFOs follow a more conservative approach in their financial reporting compared to their alecounterparts.

5. Literature Review Watts (2003a) summarizes that accounting conservatism is an efficient mechanism to reduce information asymmetry and mitigate interest conflicts between management and various contracting parties, and reduce potential litigations by outside parties, especially shareholders.

6. Literature Review Prior studies also find that CEO/CFO turnover rate is relatively higher around financial restatements, especially due to the use of aggressive accounting (e.g., Desai et al. (2006) and Hennes et al. (2008)

7. Literature Review Jiang et al. (2008) document that earnings management increase more in the CFO’s equity incentives than in the CEO’s equity incentives Chava and Purnanandam (2007) find that a firm’s debt structure is mostly influenced by the CFO’s incentive

8. Data S&P 1,500 companies from 1988-2007 (1)market to book ratio [Beaver and Ryan (2000)] (2)accrual measure[Givoly and Hayn (2000)] (3)skewness measure [Givoly and Hayn (2000) and Zhang (2008)]

9. Method We examine the impact of endogeneity on our results Fama-French Three-Factor Model CFO change(male to female) stock return volatility and cost of bank loans The market reacts to the quarterly earnings announcements differently

10. 2. Conservative Financial Reporting and Gender Differences in Risk Attitudes ※ 2.1 Information asymmetry, risk and accounting conservatism Conservatism has long been an important convention in financial reporting. Basu (1997) interprets conservatism as “the accountant’s tendency to require a higher degree of verification to recognize good news as gains than to recognize bad news as losses.”

11. 2. Conservative Financial Reporting and Gender Differences in Risk Attitudes 2.2 Gender differences in risk attitudes ※ In psychology and sociology literature the women are more risk-averse than men. Levin et al. (1988) 、 Eckel and Grossman (2003) ※ Bernasek and Shwiff (2001) also find that women allocate their pension more conservatively than men ※ Johnson and Powell (1994) study betting decisions on horse and dog races

12. 2. Conservative Financial Reporting and Gender Differences in Risk Attitudes 2.2 Gender differences in risk attitudes ※ Jianakoplos and Bernasek (1998) find single women are more risk-averse than single men in household holdings investment decisions ※ Huang and Kingen (2008) investigate how gender differences of CFOs affect various corporate financial decisions ◎ To summarize, most of the evidence in the literature points to gender differences in risk attitudes, with females being more risk-averse

13. 3. Measurement of Accounting Conservatism Because there is no single general accepted measure of conservatism in the accounting literature, we use three different individual measures: a market-value-based measure (CON_MTB) and two earnings-based measures (CON_ACCRUAL and CON_SKEWNESS)

14. CON_MTB ※ Our first measure of conservatism, CON_MTB, is the market to book ratio of a firm. Higher CON_MTB indicates greater conservatism. ※ Market to book is a commonly used measure of conservatism in the accounting literature

15. CON_ACCRUAL Our second measure of conservatism, CON_ACCRUAL, is the cumulative nonoperating accruals deflated by cumulative total assets, and multiplied by -1. Positive values of CON_ACCRUAL indicate greater conservatism

16. CON_SKEWNESS Our third measure of conservatism, CON_SKEWNESS, is the time-series skewness of earnings We also multiply it by -1 to make the results easy to interpret

17. 4. Data Our primary research design is to compare accounting conservatism between the pre- transition period and the post-transition period for male to female CFO turnover firms. Robustness tests: 1. male to male CFO transition sample 2. female to male CFO transition sample

18. 4. Data The gender information is mainly from ExecuComp database which covers most S&P 1500 public companies. S&P 1500 includes S&P 500, S&P Midcap 400, and S&P SmallCap 600, and it covers about 85% of the US equities market.

19. Table 1: Distribution of female CFOs in the transition year

20. Table 2: Summary statistics and univariate comparison

21. Table 3: Probit regression of hiring a female CFO

22. Table 4: Male to Female CFO Change and Accounting Conservatism

23. Table 5: Female CFOs and Accounting Conservatism: Difference-in-Difference Regression Results

24. Table 6: Female CFOs and Accounting Conservatism: Propensity Score Match Results

25. Table 7: Robustness Test: Asymmetric Timeliness Measure of Accounting Conservatism

26. Table 8: Robustness Test: Are Results Driven by Corporate Governance?

27. Table 9: Robustness Test: Are Results Driven by CFO Ownership?

28. Table 10: Robustness Test: Are Results Driven by Simultaneous Changes of CFO and CEO?

29. Table 11: Robustness Test: Female to Male CFO Transition and Accounting Conservatism

30. Table 12: Male to female CFO Transition and Long-Run Firm Performance: Fama- French Three-Factor Model

31. Table 13: Market Reactions to Earnings Announcements before and after Male to Female CFO Transitions

32. Table 14: Male to Female CFO Transition, Analyst Forecast, Stock Return Volatility and Cost of Debt

33. 6 Conclusions We find that subsequent to the hiring of a female CFO there is a significant increase in the degree of accounting conservatism compared to that of their male predecessors.