1. Chapter 2, Section Chapter 2 First Civilizations: Africa and Asia (3200 B.C.–500 B.C.) Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. World History: Connection to Today

2. Chapter 2, Section Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Chapter 2: First Civilizations: Africa and Asia (3200 B.C.–500 B.C.) Section 1: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile Section 2: Egyptian Civilization Section 3: City-States of Ancient Sumer Section 4: Invaders, Traders, and Empire Builders Section 5: The Roots of Judaism World History: Connection to Today

3. Chapter 2, Section Ancient Egypt

4. Chapter 2, Section The Egyptian Empire About 1450 B.C. 1

5. Chapter 2, Section “Egypt is wholly the gift of the Nile.” People settled and established farming villages along the Nile. Egyptians depended on annual floods to soak the land and deposit a layer of silt, or rich soil. Geography of the Ancient Nile Valley 1

6. Chapter 2, Section Egyptians had to cooperate to control the Nile by building dikes, reservoirs, and irrigation ditches. Rulers used the Nile to link and unite Upper and Lower Egypt. The Nile served as a trade route connecting Egypt to Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean world.

7. Chapter 2, Section Ancient Egypt was protected from invaders by natural borders. The desert-land beyond the Nile River Valley There are several cataracts (or large waterfalls) along the Nile River south of the ancient civilization. The Mediterranean Sea formed a natural border..

8. Chapter 2, Section Powerful pharaohs created a large empire Hatshepsut encouraged trade. Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria. Egyptian power declined. Large drainage project created arable farmland. Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete. Corruption and rebellions were common. Hyksos invaded and occupied the delta region. Pharaohs organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods. Egyptians built pyramids at Giza. Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom. NEW KINGDOM MIDDLE KINGDOM OLD KINGDOM Three Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt 1

9. Chapter 2, Section Egypt and Nubia For centuries, Egypt traded or fought with Nubia. During the New Kingdom, Egypt conquered Nubia. Nubians served in Egyptian armies and influenced Egyptian culture. Egyptian art from this period shows Nubian soldiers, musicians, or prisoners. 1

10. Chapter 2, Section When Egypt declined, Nubia conquered Egypt. Nubians did not see themselves as conquerors. They respected Egyptian traditions.

11. Chapter 2, Section Section 1 Assessment Why were the Nile floods so important to the Egyptians? a) They created a much needed supply of drinking water. b) The Egyptians held religious ceremonies when the floods came. c) The floodwaters deposited silt, which made the land rich for farming. Which of the following was an achievement of the Middle Kingdom? a) The Egyptians drained land for farming. b) The Egyptians built the pyramids. c)Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria. d) The Egyptian empire reached the Euphrates. 1 Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.

12. Chapter 2, Section Section 1 Assessment 1 Why were the Nile floods so important to the Egyptians? a) They created a much needed supply of drinking water. b) The Egyptians held religious ceremonies when the floods came. c) The floodwaters deposited silt, which made the land rich for farming. Which of the following was an achievement of the Middle Kingdom? a) The Egyptians drained land for farming. b) The Egyptians built the pyramids. c)Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria. d) The Egyptian empire reached the Euphrates. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.

13. Chapter 2, Section Answer these question on a separate sheet of paper in complete sentences. 15 points 1. How did geography influence ancient Egypt? 2.What were the main features and achievements of Egypt’s three kingdoms? 3. How did trade and warfare affect Egypt and Nubia? 1

14. Chapter 2, Section Egyptian Religious Beliefs Polytheism--Belief that many gods and goddesses ruled the world and the afterlife. *Amon-Re was the sun god. *Osiris was the god of the underworld and of the Nile. The pharaoh was believed to be a god as well as a monarch. Belief in eternal life after death. *Relied on the Book of the Dead to help them through the afterworld. *Practiced mummification, the preservation of the body for use in the next life. 2

15. The land of the Dead

16. Chapter 2, Section The Land of the Dead The great pyramids tell the story. The Egyptians believed in an afterlife. The Egyptians carefully buried their dead with their most treasured possessions. Children were buried with their toys so that they could play in the afterlife. The Egyptians were very careful to say only good things about the dead.

17. Mummies

18. Funeral Masks

19. Anubis

20. The Mummification Process took 70 days to complete. It was an expensive and time-consuming process, so It was used only for the pharaoh and the very rich. The body was cut on the side to remove the intestines, liver, stomach, and lungs. These parts were put in jars.

21. The brain was removed through the nose using a long hook. The Egyptians did not understand the importance of the brain, so they often discarded it. They thought it’s only function was to produce snot.

22. The weighting of the heart Too heavy with sin/ greed/ evil doing- Soul is sent to hell

23. Chapter 2, Section Statues, paintings, and writings Developed painting style that remained unchanged for thousands of years. Wrote hymns and prayers to the gods, proverbs, love poems, stories of victory in battle, and folk tales. Built pyramids Developed hieroglyphics. Doctors, performed surgery, and developed medicines still used today. Developed 12-month calendar on which modern calendar is based. Astronomers mapped constellations and charted movement of the planets. Developed practical geometry. Used to survey the land Skilled in design and engineering. Advances in the Arts Advances in Learning Ancient Egypt: A Center of Learning & Culture 2

24. Chapter 2, Section The Pharaoh The Egyptians believed their pharaoh was both a god and a monarch. A monarch is a king or a queen.

25. Chapter 2, Section Section 2 Assessment Who was the Egyptian god of the underworld? a) Amon-Re b) Osiris c) Isis d) Nefertiti What is one reason the Egyptians developed practical geometry? a) to help in the mummification process b) to create large sculptures c) to please the gods d) to survey the land 2 Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.

26. Chapter 2, Section 2 Who was the Egyptian god of the underworld? a) Amon-Re b) Osiris c) Isis d) Nefertiti What is one reason the Egyptians developed practical geometry? a) to help in the mummification process b) to create large sculptures c) to please the gods d) to survey the land Section 2 Assessment Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.

27. Chapter 2, Section Answer these question on a separate sheet of paper in complete sentences. 15 points 1.How did religious beliefs shape the lives of Egyptians? 2. How was Egyptian society organized? 3. What advances did Egyptians make in learning and the arts? 2

28. Chapter 2, Section The Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent is the fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The first civilization in the Fertile Crescent was discovered in Mesopotamia, which means land between the rivers The first Sumerian cities emerged in southern Mesopotamia around 3200 B.C. 3

29. Chapter 2, Section

30. Tigris Now

31. Chapter 2, Section Tigris Now

32. Chapter 2, Section Euphrates now

33. Chapter 2, Section Euphrates Now

34. Chapter 2, Section

36. Worshiped many gods. Believed gods controlled every aspect of life. Saw afterlife as a grim place. Everybody would go into darkness and eat dust. To keep the gods happy, each city built a ziggurat, or pyramid temple. Each state had distinct social hierarchy, or system of ranks. Most people were peasant farmers. Women had legal rights; some engaged in trade and owned property. City-states with hereditary rulers. Ruler led army in war and enforced laws. Complex government with scribes to collect taxes and keep records. RELIGION SOCIAL STRUCTURE GOVERNMENT Sumerian Civilization 3

37. Chapter 2, Section Ziggurats

38. Chapter 2, Section Sumerian Advances in Learning Developed cuneiform, believed to be the earliest form of writing. Developed basic algebra and geometry. Made accurate calendars, essential to a farming society. Made the first wheeled vehicles. 3

39. Chapter 2, Section Cuneiform

40. Chapter 2, Section Cuneiform

41. Chapter 2, Section Section 3 Assessment The Fertile Crescent was the land located a) along the Nile river. b) between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. c) between the Euphrates and the Nile rivers. d) between the Tigris and the Nile rivers. Most people in Sumerian city-states were a) priests. b) merchants. c) scribes. d) peasant farmers. 3 Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.

42. Chapter 2, Section 3 The Fertile Crescent was the land located a) along the Nile river. b) between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. c) between the Euphrates and the Nile rivers. d) between the Tigris and the Nile rivers. Most people in Sumerian city-states were a) priests. b) merchants. c) scribes. d) peasant farmers. Section 3 Assessment Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.

43. Chapter 2, Section ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS 1.How did geographic features influence the civilizations of the Fertile Crescent? 2.What were the main features of Sumerian civilization? 3.What advances in learning did the Sumerians make? 3

44. Chapter 2, Section A series of strong rulers united the lands of the Fertile Crescent into well organized empires. Again and again, nomadic warriors invaded the rich cities of the Fertile Crescent. Some looted and burned the cities. Others stayed to rule them. 2300 B.C. –Sargon, the ruler of Akkad, conquered Sumer and built the first known empire. 1790 B.C.–Hammurabi, King of Babylon, united the Babylonian empire. Invaders, Traders, and Empire Builders 4

45. Chapter 2, Section Hammurabi’s code was the first attempt by a ruler to codify, or arrange and set down in writing, all of the laws that would govern a state. One section codified criminal law, the branch of law that deals with offenses against others, such as robbery and murder. Another section codified civil law, the branch that deals with private rights and matters, such as business contracts, taxes, and property inheritance. The Code of Hammurabi 4

46. Chapter 2, Section Warfare and the Spread of Ideas Conquerors brought ideas and technologies to the conquered region. For example, when the Hittites conquered Mesopotamia, they brought the skill of ironworking to that region. When the conquerors were in turn conquered, they moved elsewhere, spreading their ideas and technologies. For example, when the Hittite empire was itself conquered, Hittite ironworkers migrated to other regions and spread the secret of iron making across Asia, Africa, and Europe. 4

47. Chapter 2, Section The Persian Empire Cyrus the Great and his successors conquered the largest empire yet seen, from Asia Minor to India. Emperor Darius unified the Persian empire. Drew up single code of laws for empire. Had hundreds of miles of roads built or repaired to aid communication and encourage unity. Introduced a uniform system of coinage and encouraged a money economy. Before it was a Barter economy-exchanging one set of goods or services for another. 4

48. Chapter 2, Section The Phoenicians Occ upied string of cities along the eastern Mediterranean coast. Made glass from sand and purple dye from a tiny sea snail. Called “carriers of civilization” because they spread Middle Eastern civilization around the Mediterranean. Most important contribution: Invented the alphabet. An alphabet contains letters that represent spoken sounds. 4

49. Chapter 2, Section What leader was the first to codify the laws that would govern his state? a) Cyrus the Great b) Sargon c) Hammurabi d) Darius Who invented the alphabet? a) the Persians b) the Babylonians c) the Phoenicians d) the Assyrians Section 4 Assessment 4 Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.

50. Chapter 2, Section Section 4 Assessment 4 What leader was the first to codify the laws that would govern his state? a) Cyrus the Great b) Sargon c) Hammurabi d) Darius Who invented the alphabet? a) the Persians b) the Babylonians c) the Phoenicians d) the Assyrians Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.

51. Chapter 2, Section Answer these question on a separate sheet of paper in complete sentences. 20 points 1.How did early empires arise in Mesopotamia? 2. How did ideas and technology spread? 3. How did the Persians unite a huge empire? 4. What contributions did the Phoenicians make? 4

52. Chapter 2, Section 586 B.C.–Babylonians capture Judah – Babylonian Captivity. 722 B.C.–Assyrians conquer Israel. 922 B.C.–Kingdom weakens after splitting into Israel and Judah. Solomon builds capital at Jerusalem, but his rule inspires revolts. 1000 B.C.–David unites Israelites into kingdom of Israel. Israelites enter Canaan, the promised land. Moses leads the Israelites out of Egypt. Famine forces Israelites to migrate to Egypt, where they are enslaved. 2000 B.C.–Abraham migrates from Mesopotamia to Canaan, where he founds the Israelite nation. Persians conquer Babylon and free the Jews from captivity. Early History of the Israelites 5

53. Chapter 2, Section Judaism The Israelites were monotheistic, believing in one true God. At the time, most other people worshiped many gods. The Israelites believed God to be all-knowing, all-powerful, and present everywhere. The Israelites believed that they were God’s “chosen people.” They believed that God would lead them to the “promised land.” 5

54. Chapter 2, Section Teachings on Law and Morality The laws of the Torah address all aspects of life, from cleanliness and food preparation to criminal matters. Jews believe that God gave them a set of laws called the Ten Commandments. Jewish prophets, or spiritual leaders, preached a code of ethics, or moral standards of behavior. Examples: The rich and powerful must protect the poor and weak. All people are equal under God. Unlike many ancient people, the Jews believed their leaders were fully human and bound by God’s law. 5

55. Chapter 2, Section Who is believed to have founded the Israelite nation? a) Moses b) Abraham c) David d) Solomon Which of the following is not a belief of Judaism? a) All people are equal before God. b) Kings are bound by God’s law. c) The rich and the powerful must protect the poor and the weak. d) There are many gods, each of whom should be worshiped equally. Section 5 Assessment 5 Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.

56. Chapter 2, Section Section 5 Assessment 5 Who is believed to have founded the Israelite nation? a) Moses b) Abraham c) David d) Solomon Which of the following is not a belief of Judaism? a) All people are equal before God. b) Kings are bound by God’s law. c) The rich and the powerful must protect the poor and the weak. d) There are many gods, each of whom should be worshiped equally. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.Click Here.

57. Chapter 2, Section Answer these question on a separate sheet of paper in complete sentences. 15 points 1.What were the main events in the early history of the Israelites? 2.How did the Jews view their relationship with God? 3. What moral and ethical ideas did the prophets teach? 5