1. R Scan and QCD Study at BESIII Haiming Hu R Group, IHEP January 13-15, 2004, Beijing

2. Outline  Motivation  R scan  QCD related topics  Summary

3. Motivation ( R value)  R value is an important parameter in the test of the Standard Model.  In 1998 -1999, two R scans were done in 2-5GeV with about error 7% at BES2.  In order to decrease the uncertainty of the calculations of the Standard Model parameters, more precision R measurement at BES3 are appealed.

4. Motivation ( QCD topics)  QCD is the unique candidate theory of strong interaction.  QCD can describe the evolutions of the quark and gluon with large momentum transferring.  QCD can not give complete calculations from the primary qurks and gluons to hadrons.  The knowledge of hadronization at low energy are rather poor or even blank.  The pQCD needs more experiments to test and to develop.

5. The low energy accelerators in the world DA  NE (Italy) VEPP 2000 (Russian) BEPC3 (China) CLEO-c (US) Ecm (GeV) 0.5 – 1.4 0.5 –2.0 2 –4 3.1 – 12 Luminosity (10 30 cm -2 s -1 ) 50 (500) 100 1000 @3.70GeV 500

6. R value measurement

7. R values between 2-5 GeV at BES2 (1998 and 1999) Broad resonant structure

8. R value status at some energy points Phys.Rev.Lett.88,(2002)101802-1 E cm (GeV) N had N +N  L (nb -1 )  had 1+  obs R 2.01155.419.547.349.501.024 2.18 3.02055.424.3135.967.551.038 2.21 4.0 768.758.048.980.341.055 3.16 4.81215.393.684.486.791.113 3.66 E cm (GeV) N had error (%)  trig error (%) L error (%)  had error (%) 1+  obs error (%) Total % 2.07.070.52.812.621.068.13 3.03.300.52.302.661.325.02 4.02.640.52.432.251.824.64 4.83.580.51.743.051.025.14

9. QED running coupling constant Before BES experiments, the ratio of R error contribution to  s) in 2-5 GeV account for about 53%. After BES measurement of R, the ratio of error contribution reduce to about 30% in 2-5GeV. decrease

10. Error estimation of the R measurement in 2004 (estimated according to R scan in 1999) blue figures : R99 pink figures : R04 E cm (GeV) N had events selct (%) Lum. (%) 1+δ (%) ε had (%) error stat (%) error sys (%) error total (%) 2.2 1,444 2,000 5.54 4.0 2.48 2.2 1.29 1.0 3.49 2.5 2.88 2.2 7.04 5.0 7.61 5.5 2.6 1,734 20,000 4.43 2.0 2.77 1.5 1.26 1.0 3.83 2.0 2.71 0.8 6.50 3.3 7.04 3.5 3.0 2,055 20,000 3.30 2.0 1.70 1.5 1.32 1.0 2.66 2.0 2.49 0.8 5.02 3.3 5.61 3.5  Hadronic efficiency ε had will be determined by using new developed detector simulation Monte Carlo (BIMBES) based on GEANT3 In 2004, R value at 2.2 Gev, 2.6GeV, 3.0 GeV will be measured

11. The R errors of measured at BESII and the estimated R error at BESIII error sources BESII (%) BESIII (%) Luminosity2-31 Hadronic model2-31-2 Trigger efficiency0.5 Radiative correction1-21 Hadronic event selection32 Total systematic error72.5– 4 Very rough

12. The change of the uncertainty of QED  s  with the decrease of R error in 2-5 GeV R error in 2-5 GeV 5.9 %0.02761±0.00036 3.0 %0.02761±0.00030 2.0 %0.02761±0.00029 (If R error in other energy region fixed) The aim of the precision of R measurement at BES3 (2-4%) is reasonable and hopeful

13. Some methods used in R measurement at BESII (Some of them may be used at BES3)

14. Luminosity Two independent ways were used to select wide- angle Bhabha events, one sample to calculate the luminosity, another to estimate the efficiency. The main luminosity error was the statistical error of the two samples. Large event sample will help for reducing the luminosity error. Use Bhabha, two-photon and  events to analysis luminosity and to find systematic errors.

15. Integrated luminosity cross check E cm (GeV) L ee (nb -1 )L μμ (nb -1 )L γγ (nb -1 ) 2.6 292.9±6.5268.2±18.9266.7±12.0 3.2 109.3±3.4108.9± 8.6106.0± 5.9 3.4 135.3±4.0125.1± 9.8130.7± 7.1 3.55 200.2±5.2192.1±14.5191.1± 9.7

16. Backgrounds Use M.C to estimate the residual QED backgrounds N ll =  ll ·L ·  ll, (l=e, ,  ) N  =   · L ·   Use vertex-fitting to estimate beam-associated backgrounds. The better track resolution of BES3 is benefit for reducing beam associated backgrounds Gaussian+2 order polynomial fitting

17. Initial state radiative corrections Some schemes are studied (1) G.Bonneau, F.Martin Nucl.Phys.B27,(1971)381 (2) F.A.Berends, R.Kleiss Nucl.Phys. B178, (1981)141 (3) E.A.Kureav, S.V.Fadin Sov.J.Nucl.Phys.41,(1985)3 (4) A.Osterheld et.al. No.SLAC-PUB-4160(1986)  (used) In BES3 experiments more precision schemes are needed Fenyman figures for ISR (to α 3 order)

18. Formula used for ISR calculation The difference of (1+  ) between scheme (3) and (4), which is 1% in non-resonant region The radiative correction factor calculated by scheme (4)

19. Hadronization Picture

20. Lund area law

22. Phase space Partition function Define n-particle multiplicity distribution N and p are two free parameters tuned by data P n is used for controlling fragmentation hadron number in MC

23. BES raw data spectrum compared with LUARLW + detector simulation at 2.2 GeV

24. BES raw data spectrum compared with LUARLW + detector simulation at 2.5 GeV

25. BES raw data spectrum compared with LUARLW + detector simulation at 3.0 GeV

26. Check R QCD prediction Central value of R exp and R QCD agree well. Is it true or due to error? R QCD has 1 σ deviation from both BES and  measurements. Is this the experimental error or new physics?

27. Determination of the running  s R value is predicted by pQCD Where, Solving the equation One may obtain  s

28. Determination of the running  s Charged particle differential cross section In QCD Measure the differential cross section, one may get  s q : momentum η ch : neutral particle correction

29. QCD Related topics

30. ① Inclusive distribution e + e - → h + X (h : π, K etc)  The inclusive spectrums are governed by hadronization dynamics.  In general, the single particle distributions are the function of (s, p //,p  ).  The two questions are needed to answer: (i) how do the inclusive distributions change with (p //,p  ) when s fixed?  depends on the type of the initial state and the final state. (ii) how do the distributions change with the center of mass energy s?  Feynman scaling assume the distributions are the function of the scaling variable x and p  at large energies.  Scaling assumption is a good approximate behave at high energy, but it has not been tested precisely at low energy.  The α s may be determined by the scaling deviation.

31. ②  Spectrum (to be published in PRD) Variable : Parameters : BES data are reasonably well described by MLLA/LPHD. MLLA : Modified leading log approximation LPHD : Local parton and hadronic duality Veriation of K LPHD as the function of E cm  eff from different experiments BES2

32. ③ Form Factors  Exclusive cross section is expressed as the product of the phase space factor and form factor.  The measurement of the form factor may check the phenomenological model, which is also the effective method to find short life-time particle.  The following channels may be measured with large sample obtained at BES3 e + e -  π + π - π + π -, π + π - π + π - π 0, π + π - π 0 π 0, π + π -, π + π - K + K -, π + π -, K + K -, ppbar

33. ④ e + e -  π + π - π + π - (BES2) Cross section (nb) Form factor form factor Phase-space factor BES data ND, DM2 data BES data Very preliminary

34. e + e -  2( π + π - ) at BES3 M 4π distribution P total distribution 2.2GeV BES3 BES2 2.6GeV BES3 BES2 BES3 has better momentum resolution and larger acceptance than BES2, which will be helpful to the events selection and reduce the backgrounds.

35. ⑤ e + e - →p pbar at BES2 Form factor Form factor by BES2Form factor combined other experiments

36. ⑤ e + e - →p pbar ( momentum resolution of BES2 and BES3) E cm p exp p  p p 2.0 0.3470.3150.0220.3460.006 2.2 0.5750.5630.0240.5740.008 2.4 0.7480.7390.0270.7470.010 2.6 0.9000.8910.0320.8980.012 2.8 1.0391.0290.0381.0370.015 3.0 1.1711.1610.0391.1680.018 experiment Momentum resolution at BES3 is much better than BES2

37. ⑤ e + e - →p pbar (efficiencies of BES2 and BES3) E cm (GeV) |cosθ|≤0.75 |cosθ|≤0.90 2.0 0.6328 0.3567 0.4288 2.2 0.6752 0.5847 0.7183 2.4 0.6217 0.6067 0.6764 2.6 0.6467 0.6209 0.6937 2.8 0.6248 0.6077 0.6823 3.0 0.6448 0.6014 0.6774 BES2BES3

38. ⑥ Multiplicity Distribution  The multiplicity is the basic quantity in reactions: multiplicity distribution: P n (s) average multiplicity: =  nP n (s)  pQCD predicts the ratio of multiplicity of the gluon fragmentation to qurk fragmentation r= / → C A /C F =9/4.  This may be tested by analyzing : J/  data (gluon-fragmentation events account for 95%) 3.07 GeV data (gluon events may be neglected).

39. Multiplicity Distribution of BES2 The results of BES2 (To be published in PRD)

40. ⑦ Correlation function  The measurement of the correlation effects is more valid way to abstract the dynamical informations from data than from the single particle spectrum.  Correlation function C(x 1,x 2 )=C L (x 1,x 2 )+C S (x 1,x 2 ) (x 1,x 2 ): kinematical observable for two particles, C L /C S : long/short-range correlation functions. Lund model prediction to C(x1,x2)=C L(x1,x2)+CS(x1,x2)

41. ⑧ The Bose-Einstein correlation  The identical bosons is symmetric for the communication of any two bosons of same kind, which leads to the special statistic correlation, i.e. Bose-Einstein correlation (BEC).  BEC contains the space-time information of the hadronic sources.  The space-time properties of hadronic source may be inferred by measuring the BEC functions R(Q 2 ) for same charged  /K pairs, where Q 2 =(p 1 –p 2 ) 2.  It is expected that the following subjects may be measured : (a) two-body correlation (b) inflections of multi-body correlation (c) inflections of the final state electromagnetic/strong interactions (c) multiplicity dependence of BEC (d) space-time form of hadronic source (e) BEC in the resonance decay, e.g. in J/  decay.

42. ⑨ Fractal properties at low energy  One usually paid the attention to averaged distributions only.  The fluctuations are thought as the statistical phenomena for the finite particles number.  The events with abnormal high particle density condensed in small phase-space have been observed in several kinds of reactions at high energy.  The important questions to these discover are: (a) do the anomalous fluctuations have their intrinsic dynamics origins? (b) is the phase-space of the final state the isotropic or not? (c) is the phase-space the continuous or fractal? (d) do the intermittency observed at high energy exist at low energy? (e) can the intermittency be explained by the known theories (cascade, BEC)?

43. ⑨ Fractal properties at low energy The study of this topic has two aspects: (i) experiment aspect ： - measure the fractal moments - measure the Hurst index (ii) mechanism problem ： - whether the asymptotic fractal behavior in the perturbative evolution of partons may be kept after the hadronization processes? - and so on…

44. Summary  The high luminosity of BEPC2, the large geometry acceptance, good space and momentum resolution, good particle identification of BES3 will be beneficial to the R measurement and QCD studies at low energy.  The goal of the R measurement at BEPC2/BES3 is to reach the precision about 2-4%.  Some subjects which are interesting to low energy QCD will be studied experimentally with high precision.