1. Chapter 2 Soil and Plant Nutrition Todd Hurt Training Coordinator UGA Center for Urban Agriculture Todd Hurt Training Coordinator UGA Center for Urban Agriculture

2. Original Presentation by C. Owen Plank Extension Agronomist The University of Georgia Original Presentation by C. Owen Plank Extension Agronomist The University of Georgia

3. What Is Soil?

4. Webster Defines Soil As….. The upper layer of the earth that may be dug or plowed and in which plants grow Gardeners often refer to soil as the medium in which plants grow. It may have different meanings to different people What is dirt?

5. Potting Mix v/s Potting Soil

6. Soil Physical Mineral Organic Air Water Soil Texture Soil Structure Compaction Chemical Colloids CEC pH 9 macronutrients 9 micronutrients

7. Soil Composition - Volume Basis

8. Soil Profile

9. Permanent Soil Properties Texture Thickness of topsoil Thickness of subsoil Certain Chemical Properties

10. Changeable Soil Properties Soil Structure Soil Organic Matter Soil Color Soil pH (Acidity) Soil Nutrient Levels

11. SOIL TEXTURE

12. Soil Texture Soil texture refers to the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay in a soil sand, silt, and 12 textural classes Loam is considered to be ideal texture for growth of plants Difficult to alter soil texture on large scalelarge scale

13. Importance of Soil Texture Influences pore size and pore space - large pores - air - small pores - watersmall pores - water - sandy soils have larger pores, less surface area, and water drains more freely compared to clay soils Influences a soils water holding capacity - fine textured soils have more and smaller pores - hold more water than sandy soilssandy soils - also hold water more tightly

14. Source: Brady & Weil

15. Soil Structure Manner in which soil particles are arranged together Particles in sandy soils may remain independent of each other - single grain texture Particles in fine textured soils are arranged in a definite manner to form stable aggregates

17. Importance of Soil Structure Improves air & water relationships Improves root penetration Improves water infiltration Reduces erosion Ease of tillage Reduces crusting

18. Maintaining Soil Structure Add Organic Matter Till Soil When Moist –Not Too Wet or Too Dry Grow Grasses Grow Cover Crops –Keeps Soil Protected from Rain, etc.Protected Restrict Traffic

19. Soil Compaction Values (Coder 1996) Number of passes over the same area % Compaction

20. Soil Compaction (Coder 1996) Soil TextureRoot-limiting % Pores normally filled with air Sand24% Fine sand21% Sandy loam19% Fine sandy loam15% Loam14% Silt loam17% Clay loam11% Clay13% Root growth is limited by <15% porosity

21. Cut and Fills thurt@uga.edu

22. Soil Fills (Coder 1996) Soil Texture of Fill Soil Root damage starts Massive root Damage Sand8 inches24 inches Fine sand6 inches18 inches Sandy loam4 inches12 inches Fine sandy loam3 inches9 inches Loam2 inches6 inches Silt loam1 ½ inches4 ½ inches Clay loam1 ½ inches4 ½ inches Clay1 inch3 inches

23. Soil Cuts (Coder 1996) Soil TextureSignificant root damaging soil removals Sand10 inches Fine sand8.5 inches Sandy loam7 inches Fine sandy loam5.5 inches Loam4 inches Silt loam3 inches Clay loam3 inches Clay2 inches

24. Spreading the Load Human on Snowshoes: 0.5 psi Human Male ( medium build): 8 psi M1 Abrams tank: 15 psi Adult horse (1250 lb): 25 psi Passenger car: 30 psi Wheeled ATV: 35 psi Mountain bicycle: 40 psi Racing bicycle: 90 psi Weight and Ground Contact

25. Spreading the Load Terra Mat – US Forest Service Logging Mat (Photo courtesy of CarolinaMat.com) 4 inches of wood mulch

26. Soil Color Many different soil colors Give important clues about soils chemical and physical environment

28. Organic Matter Improves soil physical condition Reduces erosion Improves water infiltration Improves water holding capacity Increases soil cation exchange capacity Source of nutrients

29. Organic Matter Contains varying amounts of all the essential nutrient elements - e.g. ~ 5% Nitrogen Serves as important storehouse of elements such as nitrogen and sulfur Nutrient elements contained in freshly added organic matter are not immediately available to plants Residues must be decomposed into humus, and nutrients released in ionic form

30. Humus Formation Carbohydrates Cellulose Proteins Lignin Residues Humus CO 2 Protein Lignin

31. Nitrogen Uptake

32. SoilMicroorganisms Bacteria Bacteria Fungi Fungi Actinomycetes Actinomycetes Algae AlgaeSoilMicroorganisms Bacteria Bacteria Fungi Fungi Actinomycetes Actinomycetes Algae Algae

33. Major Roles of Bacteria in Plant Nutrition Fixation Symbiotic ( with legumes ) Symbiotic ( with legumes ) Nonsymbiotic ( without legume ) Nonsymbiotic ( without legume ) Transformation Mineralization (organic N to NH 4 + ) Mineralization (organic N to NH 4 + ) Nitrification (NH 4 + NO 2 - NO 3 - Nitrification (NH 4 + NO 2 - NO 3 - ammonium nitrite nitrate ammonium nitrite nitrate Denitrification(NO 3 - N 2 O - or N) Denitrification(NO 3 - N 2 O - or N) nitrate nitrous nitrogen nitrate nitrous nitrogen oxide oxide Oxidation Elemental and organic S Elemental and organic S S SO 4 2- S SO 4 2- sulfur sulfate sulfur sulfate

34. Regular Additions of Organic Residues Must Be Made to Maintain Soil Organic Matter Levels

36. Soil Colloids Chemically active fraction Made up of colloidal & colloidal-like particles –organic matter –clay Colloids and clays develop electrical charges (+,-) as they are formed Predominant electrical charge most clays and organic matter is negative (-)

37. Ca 2+ K+K+ Mg 2+ Al 3+ K+K+ Mg 2+ Kaolinite Particle Soil colloids may be envisioned as a huge anion Soil colloids may be envisioned as a huge anion

39. Cation Exchange Ca + 2H + H H + Ca 2+

40. Cation Exchange Capacity of Clays & Organic Matter

41. pH is a term used to describe the H ion (H + ) activity and/or concentration in solution pH = -log (H + )

43. pH Expressions pH of Solution Hydrogen ion activity, g/liter 9.0 (strongly alkaline)10 -9 (0.000000001) 8.0 (moderately alkaline)10 -8 (0.00000001) 7.0 (neutral)10 -7 (0.0000001) 6.0 (moderately acidic)10 -6 (0.000001) 5.0 (strongly acidic)10 -5 (0.00001) 4.0 (very strongly acidic)10 -4 (0.0001)

44. Soil pH Reflects Hydrogen Ion Activity Alkalinity Acidity

45. Sodic soils Calcareous soils Humid region arable soils Forest soils 6 5 4 7 8 9 10 Pure water Milk Natural rain Beer Coffee Bicarbonate of soda Milk of magnesia Range found in common products pH of Common Products & Soils pH scale Range found in various soils

46. Soil pH is one of the most important chemical reactions that occurs in soils Why?

47. It affects so many reactions and activities that occur in soils

48. Chemical Reactions

49. Nutrient Availability disk 10

50. Toxic Elements in Soils Al and Mn Toxic Elements in Soils Al and Mn

56. Soils Become Acid Because- Developed in areas with high rainfall, resulting in: a. leaching and plant uptake of base forming cations (Ca 2+, Mg 2+, and K + ) b. rapid reaction of water with Al & Fe, which produces H ions Application of acid forming fertilizers –mostly those containing ammonical (NH 4 + ) nitrogen Decomposition of organic matter Microbial activity

57. Nitrogen Conversion in the Soil Produces Acidity Organic Matter Manure, etc. NH 4 - N Fertilizer Sources 2 NH 4 + + 4O 2 Bacteria 2NO 3 - + 2H 2 O + 4H + Note: The H + is the acidity component

58. Determining Soil Acidity pH Kits pH Meters pH Kits pH Meters

59. Determining Soil pH & Limestone Requirement at UGA Laboratory Automated soil pH analyzer (130 samples can be analyzed per hour) Two analyzers operational gives the Lab capacity to analyze 260 samples/hour for pH and lime requirement Soil pH is recorded on soil test report as pH CaCl2 and Equivalent Water pH along with the lime buffer capacity.soil test report

60. Note these pH values are equivalent to 5.4 and 5.9 for pH determined in calcium chloride

61. Desired pH for Some Crops 5.0 – 5.5 * 5.5 – 6.0 * 6.0 – 6.5 * BlueberriesSweet PotatoesSweet Corn Irish PotatoesLawn GrassesTomatoes AzaleasAnnual FlowersOnions RhododendronsPerennial FlowersCabbage Spring Flowering Bulbs Watermelon * pH w Values

62. How Can We Reduce Soil Acidity? Apply Liming Materials

63. Lime Sources and Their Relative Neutralizing Values *Calcium Carbonate is used as a standard with a neutralizing value of 100

64. Incorporate Lime for Best Results

65. FREQUENCY AND RATE OF LIMING DEPENDS ON: SOIL pH SOIL TEXTURE NITROGEN FERTILIZATION RATES REMOVAL OF Ca AND Mg BY PLANTS AMOUNT OF LIME PREVIOUSLY APPLIED SOIL pH RANGE DESIRED SOIL pH SOIL TEXTURE NITROGEN FERTILIZATION RATES REMOVAL OF Ca AND Mg BY PLANTS AMOUNT OF LIME PREVIOUSLY APPLIED SOIL pH RANGE DESIRED

66. Acidifying Soils Acidifying soils is frequently required in nursery and horticultural situations.

67. Materials Used for Acidifying Soils Elemental sulfur Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Iron sulfate

68. Reducing Soil pH with Sulfur or Aluminum Sulfate 5.56.0 Initial Soil pH w Textural Classification SandyLoamyClayeySandyLoamyClayey Sulfur Required, lbs per 1000 ft 2** 5.5000 6.041016000 6.58203241016 7.012294782032 7.5153861122947 **Aluminum sulfate rate = lbs. Sulfur x 6

69. Reducing Soil pH with Sulfur or Aluminum Sulfate 4.55.0 Initial Soil pH w Textural Classification SandyLoamyClayeySandyLoamyClayey Sulfur Required, lbs per 1000 ft 2** 5.041016000 5.58203241016 6.012294782032 6.5153861122947 7.0194877153861 7.5235792194877 **Aluminum sulfate rate = lbs. Sulfur x 6

70. Elemental sulfur and sulfur compounds are the most popular acidifying materials. Bacteria are required for this process to occur. – 2S + 3O 2 + 2H 2 O   2H 2 SO 4 (Thiobacillus)

71. Aluminum and iron sulfates can also be used These materials are very effective but are sometimes difficult to find They react quicker and do not require microbial oxidation Acidity is result of hydrolysis reaction: –Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + 6H 2 O  2Al(OH) 3 + 6H + + 3SO 4 = –Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + 6H 2 O  2Fe(OH) 3 + 6H + + 3SO 4 =

73. Thank You

75. Texture - 1 Disk 3 In the field, texture is determined by “ feel ”

76. Clay  Clay loam 400,000 lbs Sand Per Acre

77. WATER HELD BY DIFFERENT SOILS KIND OF SOIL INCHES PER 5 FT. OF SOIL LOAMY SAND ( LAKELAND etc. ) SANDY LOAM ( NORFOLK, TIFTON ) SANDY CLAY LOAM ( CECIL, GREENVILLE) 3.0 7.0 7.8

78. Raindrop Disk 5

79. Coarse sand grains Loamy aggregates Intrapped micropores Macropores

82. pH Value Defines Relative Acidity or Alkalinity Neutrality Very Strong Medium Moderate Slight Medium Strong Alkalinity Acidity 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 pH Scale