1. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Section 3 Putting a business idea into practice

2. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Starting a successful business requires more than a great idea. It needs a clear plan, enthusiastic leadership, effective organisation and … a bit of luck! A good understanding of finance is also required to keep sales above costs and make a profit. From idea to practice

3. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall (Sales) revenue comes from the number of items a business sells within a given time period multiplied by the price it charges. Revenue = price x quantity sold. Estimating future sales revenue is useful for a business but difficult to do. Why do you think this might be the case? Estimating revenue

4. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Businesses need to be aware of two types of cost: –fixed costs do not change as output and sales change (although they can increase or decrease over time) –variable costs do change as output and sales change. Total costs = fixed costs + variable costs Estimating costs

5. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Fixed costs –rent and rates –machinery and equipment –staff salaries –marketing expenditure Variable costs –raw materials –bought-in components –energy –piece-rate labour Fixed costs and variable costs

6. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Profit = revenue – costs. If costs are greater than revenue, a loss is made. Profit forecasts are based on estimates of revenues and costs. Sensible businesses will over-estimate costs and under-estimate revenues. Profit

7. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Typical uses of profit include: investing in extra property or machinery, to help the business grow investing in more efficient systems or technology, to cut costs funding the purchase of extra stocks of materials or finished goods paying out dividends to shareholders, to give them an annual return on their investment. Using profit

8. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall To return to profit, a business could: try to boost revenues without increasing costs, e.g. by increasing prices try to reduce variable costs per unit, e.g. by reducing the amount of waste try to reduce fixed costs, e.g. by moving to cheaper premises. Dealing with losses

9. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Cash refers to the money the firm holds in notes and coin, as well as in its bank account. Cash and profit are not the same! Without sufficient cash, a business would not be able to pay its bills, could get taken to court and be forced to close. The importance of cash

10. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Some of the reasons why cash can be hard to manage include: huge start-up costs low initial or seasonal sales late-paying customers. How should cash be managed?

11. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall A business should therefore: negotiate a generous overdraft facility keep costs under control try to keep cash flowing into the business draw up regular cash flow forecasts. How should cash be managed?

12. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Cash flow forecasting means predicting future flows of cash into and out of a firm’s bank account. This gives an idea of the state of the firm’s monthly bank balance (cumulative cash) and predicts any negative cash flow. Cash flow forecasts are central to any firm’s business plan. Forecasting cash flow

13. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Improving cash flow can involve: –cutting stock levels –increasing credit from suppliers –reducing credit given to customers. Failing to deal with negative cash flow can lead to insolvency! Dealing with negative cash flow

14. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Raising finance Three questions need asking: –How secure is the source of finance? –How expensive is the source of finance? –Is enough finance being raised? Why do you think these questions are important?

15. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Sources of finance Long term, e.g. shares, loans, venture capital, profit. Medium term, e.g. loans, leasing. Short term, e.g. overdrafts, trade credit. The type of finance used will depend on why the finance is needed!

16. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Start-up objectives Starting a new business is usually based on one of the following: a financial objective, e.g. to get rich a business mission, e.g. to prove that an idea works a social mission, aimed at helping the wider community.

17. EDEXCEL BUSINESS for GCSE © 2009 Ian Marcousé and Naomi Birchall Now make sure you understand… billion business plan cash cash flow cash flow forecast cumulative cash dividends fixed costs insolvency liquidation mission negative cash flow net monthly cash patent profit sales forecasts sales revenue share capital total costs variable costs venture capital