2. Community Ecology Campbell Chapter 53

3. What is a community? All the populations in a given area interacting with each other and their surrounding environment.

4. Interactions between species These are interactions between different groups of organisms

5. Competition Organisms compete for the same resources: Food, space, mates From http://www.milosphotos.com/wildlife1/dallrams.jpg

6. Competitive Exclusion Principle (Gause’s) Two similar species cannot exist in the same niche One will be driven to extinction

7. Symbiotic relationships Two organisms living together in a relationship

8. Predation/parasitism One organism feeds on another for food One is benefited, one is harmed From http://www.funkstownvet.com/HEARTWORM.jpg

9. Herbivory Type of predation done by herbivores Herbivores preying on plants From http://oneidaswcd.org/grazing%20cow%203.jpg

10. Secondary Compounds in Plants Plants can’t run away, so they produce toxins to deter herbivores Ex. aspirin, clove oil From http://www.worldfood.com/images/spices/cloves.jpg

11. Commensalism Two organisms live together, and one is helped while the other is not affected Ex. hermit crabs From http://www.ukdivers.net/life/uk/hermit.jpg

12. Mutualism Two organisms benefit from living together Ex.: ladybugs eat aphids on rosebushes From http://www.broward.org/naturescape/images/lady-bug-eating-aphids.gif

13. Ways to avoid predation Animals have adaptations to avoid being eaten.

14. Aposematic Coloration “Warning” coloration Bright colors warn others “I taste bad/I bite/I am not to be messed with” From http://www.sloanmonster.com/images/coral.jpg

15. Cryptic Coloration Coloring that allows the organism to blend into its environment so it can’t be spotted by predators From www.nicksspiders.com/insects/stickhid.jpg

16. Mimicry Some organisms mimic others in order to protect themselves

17. Batesian Mimicry A harmless or palatable species mimics one that is neither harmless nor palatable

18. Example: Hawkmoth and Snake When disturbed, the hawkmoth larva looks like a snake.

19. Mullerian Mimicry Two unpalatable species mimic each other

20. Example: Monarch vs. Viceroy Butterflies From http://www.ent.iastate.edu/Imagegal/lepidoptera/monarch/monarchonalf.html From http://www.photos-of-the- year.com/nature/showphoto.php?photo=17870 Monarch butterflies taste bad too so birds try to avoid them as well. Viceroy butterflies taste foul to birds and will make birds regurgitate them when eaten.

21. Example: Honey Bee and Yellowjacket From http://www.forestry.caf.wvu.edu/buttonsGood/pics/honeyBee.gif From http://www.eatonvillenews.net/images/Bob/TONY%20YELLOW%20J ACKET%201%20SEPT.%2025,%2005%20135F1366b.jpg Both species share similar coloring and have poisonous venom

22. Succession The replacement of one community with another

23. Primary Succession A community is established in a fairly lifeless area First life forms are usually bacteria, then lichens Soil eventually develops, then plants are established

24. Example of primary succession A retreating glacier leaves a moraine, a soil-laden area where life has the potential to take root.

25. Secondary Succession Occurs in an area where disturbance has occurred, but the soil is intact After a forest fire After a hurricane

26. Example of secondary succession