2. Data vs. Information OUTPUTOUTPUT Information Data PROCESSPROCESS INPUTINPUT There are 10 types of people in this world those who read binary and those who don’t

3. The representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by humans or by automatic means. Data - Is a representational system. Information is a term with many meanings depending on context, but is as a rule closely related to such concepts as meaning, knowledge, instruction, and communication, through the use of data. Information - Is a system of understanding.

4. Arabic Numbers Vs. Roman Numerals http://home.hiwaay.net/~lkseitz/math/roman/index.shtml English Vs. Pig Latin http://users.snowcrest.net/donnelly/piglatin.html English Vs. Klingon http://www.kli.org/ http://www.parapundit.com/archives/001240.html Examples of Representational Systems

5. Representational Data Set For the Klingon Language You will not have to be able to speak klingon for the midterm

6. Binary Code as the computers’ Representational System Using either 0 or 1 (or on/off) as the basic unit of data in computers

7. Using Binary Code to represent letters A bit is a single “1” or “0”. A byte is a group of 8 “1’s” and “0’s”. One character of text is equal to 1 byte.

8. Using Binary Code to Represent Letters cont’d

9. To convert text to binary it is encoded, character encoding consists of a code that pairs a set of natural language characters (such as an alphabet and basic integers) with a set of something else, such as numbers, light pulses, electrical pulses or 1’s and 0’s, to facilitate the storage and transmission of data. When a letter or number is typed on the keyboard is encoded using the ASCII character set. ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and the symbols/glyphs of a written language, thus allowing digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information. The ASCII character encoding, or a compatible extension is used on nearly all common computers, especially personal computers and workstations.

10. ASCII Chart

11. Extended ASCII Chart (8 bits) A set of codes that extends the basic ASCII set. The basic ASCII set uses 7 bits for each character, giving it a total of 128 unique symbols. The extended ASCII character set uses 8 bits, which gives it an additional 128 characters. The extra characters represent characters from foreign languages and special symbols for drawing pictures. Binary To Text Converter

12. Using Binary Code to represent numbers To Convert Decimal (Arabic) to Binary numbers use the following chart: Lets say for example you are given the following binary number, “1011” and are asked to convert that into a human readable or decimal number. Now you may be asking why you only see 4 bits and not the full 8 bits which you expect to see in a byte. If you are given a number such as “1011” that only has 4 bits and not the full 8 bits, simply assume that the rest of the number is all 0’s and that they appear in front of the number you were given. For example the number you were given was “1011”, then you would insert four 0’s in front of “1011” so you can just assume that the full binary number would be “00001011”.

13. Using Binary Code to represent numbers cont’d To convert the binary number from “1011” to decimal we would enter the number into the chart Now to determine the number simply add up the values where the 1’s in our binary number appear. In binary you can consider 1 representing on and 0 representing off. So if the switch is on we count that number and the switch is off we don’t count that number. For example the 1’s in our example are occupying the 8ths place, the 2s place, and the 1s place, therefore we use the following equation to determine our number:

15. MICMIC Analog To Digital 001011101 001101100 000100111 111001010 001101100 100100111 101001010 Digital To Analog SPKSPK Schematic for analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion. Analog to digital Analog continuous both in time and amplitude Digital Stored at points of time to reproduce analog sound

16. Electronic Signals Analog Digital Analog signals are continuous wave forms in which variations in frequency and amplitude can be used to represent information. With digital signals, everything is described in two states: the circuit as either on or off. Generally, the on state is expressed or represented by the number 1 and the off state by the number 0. Original Edison Tin Foil Phonograph. Photo courtesy of U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Edison National Historic Site. http://static.howstuffworks.com/flash/cd-phono.swf

17. Making Waves Single-Bit Sampling ON OFF 11 00