1. GPU Programming with CUDA – Accelerated Architectures Mike Griffiths GPUComputing@Sheffield http://gpucomputing.sites.sheffield.ac.uk/

2. Why Accelerators? Architectural Details Latest Products Accelerated Systems Overview

3. Why Accelerators? Architectural Details Latest Products Accelerated Systems Overview

4. Power = Frequency x Voltage² Performance Improvements traditionally realised by increasing frequency Voltage decreased to maintain steady power Voltage cannot be decreased any further 1’s and 0’s represented by different voltages Need to be able to distinguish between the two CPU Limitations

5. Moores Law: A doubling of transistors every couple of years  BUT Clock speeds are not increasing  Longer more complex pipelines? Increase performance by adding parallelism Perform many operations per clock cycle More cores More operations per core Keep power per core low Moores Law

6. Much of the functionality of CPUs is unused for HPC Branch prediction, out of order execution, etc. Ideally for HPC we want: Simple, Low Power and Highly Parallel cores Problem: Still need operating systems, I/O, scheduling Solution: “Hybrid Systems” – CPUs provide management, “Accelerators” (or co-processors) provide compute power. Accelerators

7. Why Accelerators? Architectural Details Latest Products Accelerated Systems Overview

8. Chip fabrication prohibitively expensive HPC market relatively small Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have evolved from the desire from improved graphical realism in games Significantly different architecture Lots of number crunching cores Highly parallel Initially GPUs started to be used for general purpose use (GPGPU) NVIDIA and AMD now tailor their architectures for HPC Designing an Accelerator

9. Intel Xeon Phi – Many Integrated Core (MIC) architecture Lots of Pentium cores with wide vector units Closer to traditional multi-core Simplifies programming? Codenamed “Larrabee, Knights Ferry, Knights Corner, Knights Landing” Many simple-low power cores What are the alternatives

10. Accelerators in HPC 48,000 Xeon Phi boards Equal number of Opterons to GPUS

11. AMD 12-core Not much space is dedicated to compute Architecture of a Multi-Core CPU = compute unit (core)

12. NVIDIA Fermi GPU Much more space dedicated to compute (at the cost of cache and advanced features) Architecture of a NVIDIA GPU = streaming multiprocessors compute unit (each with 32 cores)

13. Similarly has large amounts of dedicated compute space Architecture of a Xeon Phi = compute unit (core)

14. Accelerators use dedicated Graphics Memory Separate to CPU “main” memory Many HPC applications require high memory bandwidth Memory GPUs and Xeon Phi use Graphics DRAM CPUs use DRAM

15. Why Accelerators? Architectural Details Latest Products (with a focus on NVIDIA GPUs) Accelerated Systems Overview

16. NVIDIA – Tesla GPUs, specifically for HPC (using same architecture as Ge-Force) AMD – FirePro HPC, specifically for HPC (evolved from ATI Radeon) Intel – Xeon Phi – recently emerged to compete with GPUs Latest Products

17. Chip partitioned into Streaming Multiprocessors (SMs) Multiple cores per SM Not cache coherent. No communication possible across SMs. Tesla Series GPUs

18. Less scheduling units than cores Threads are scheduled in groups of 32, called a warp Threads within a warp always execute the same instruction in lock-step (on different data elements) NVIDIA Streaming Multiprocessor

19. Tesla Range Specifications “Fermi” 2050 “Fermi” 2070 “Fermi” 2090 “Kepler” K20 “Kepler” K20X “Kepler” K40 CUDA cores448 512249626882880 DP Performance 515 GFlops 665 GFlops 1.17 TFlops 1.31 TFlops 1.43 Tflops Memory Bandwidth 144 GB/s 178 GB/s208 GB/s250 GB/s288 GB/s Memory3 GB6 GB 5 GB6 GB12 GB

20. NVIDIA Roadmap

21. Why Accelerators? Architectural Details Latest Products Accelerated Systems Overview

22. Cache C P P PPP CCCC Interconnect Memory Shared-memory system. e.g. Sunfire, SGI Origin, Symetric Multiprocessors Can use interconnect + memory as a communications network Machine architectures P PPP CCCC Interconnect MMMM Distributed memory system e.g. Beowulf clusters. Architecture matches message passing paradigm. Processor

23. CPUs and Accelerators are used together GPUs cannot be used instead of CPUs GPUs perform compute heavy parts Communication is via PCIe bus Accelerated Systems DRAMGDRAM CPUGPU/Accelerator I/OI/O PCIe

24. Can have multiple CPUs and Accelerators within each “Shared Memory Node” CPUs share memory but accelerators do not! Larger Accelerated Systems DRAM GDRAM CPUGPU/Accelerator I/OI/O PCIe GDRAM CPUGPU/Accelerator I/OI/O Interconnect

25. Accelerated Supercomputers … … … … ……

26. (Normally) use one host CPU core (thread) per accelerator Program manages communication between host CPUs MPI for distributed memory OpenMP for shared memory on the same node Multiple Accelerators in Parallel

27. Insert your accelerator into PCI-e Make sure that There is enough space Your power supply unit (PSU)is up to the job You install the latest drivers Simple Accelerated Workstation

28. Multiple Servers can be connected via interconnect Several vendors offer GPU servers For example 2 multi core CPUs + 4 GPUS GPU Workstation Server

29. Dedicated HPC Blades for scalable HPC E.g. Cray XK7 4 CPUs + 4 GPUS + 2 interconnect chips (shared by 2 computer nodes Compute Blades

30. The Iceberg GPU Nodes C410X with 8 Fermi GPU 2xC6100 with dual Intel westmere 6core CPU’s

31. GPU Accelerated Libraries and Applications (MATLAB, Ansys, etc) GPU mostly abstracted from end user GPU Accelerated Directives (OpenACC) Helps compiler auto generate code for the GPU CUDA for NVIDIA GPUs Extension to the C language (more to follow) OpenCL Similar to CUDA but cross-platform No access to cutting edge NVIDIA functionaility Programming Techniques

32. Accelerators have higher compute and memory bandwidth capabilities than CPUs Silicon dedicated to many simplistic cores Use of graphics memory Accelerators are typically not used alone, but work in tandem with CPUs Most common are NVIDIA GPUs and Intel Xeon Phis. Including current top 2 systems on top500 list Architectures differ GPU accelerated systems scale from simple workstations to large-scale supercomputers Summary