2. Think about…
8.1 The transport system
8.2 The blood
8.3 The blood vessels
8.4 The heart
8.5 Blood circulation
8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
8.7 Lymphatic system
Recall ‘Think about…’
Summary concept map

3. Artificial blood
The patient has lost a lot of blood.
He needs blood transfusion.

4. Artificial blood
donated blood
blood donor

5. Artificial blood
donated blood

6. Artificial blood
artificial blood
bacteria producing haemoglobin

7. 1
What are the
functions of blood in our body

8. 2
What is
haemoglobin
What is its role in the body

9. 3
Can artificial
blood totally replace donated blood
Why

10. 8.1 The transport system
In our city:
transport system to carry goods and people around

11. How are substances moved in organisms?
8.1 The transport system
How are substances moved in organisms?

12. In very small organisms:
8.1
The transport system
In very small organisms: O2
waste
nutrients
by diffusion

13. In multicellular organisms:
8.1
The transport system
In multicellular organisms:
substances need to move long distance
by a transport system

14. human transport system
8.1
The transport system
human transport system
circulatory system
(循環系統)
lymphatic system
(淋巴系統)

15. Human circulatory system
8.1
The transport system
Human circulatory system
blood
carries nutrients and waste

16. Human circulatory system
8.1
The transport system
Human circulatory system
blood vessels (血管)
distributed throughout the body

17. Human circulatory system
8.1
The transport system
Human circulatory system
heart
as a pump to drive blood

18. 8.1
The transport system
1 Humans are organisms. A is needed to carry substances from one place to another over long distances within the body.
multicellular
transport system

19. 2 The human circulatory system consists of:
8.1
The transport system
2 The human circulatory system consists of:
blood
blood vessels
heart

20. 8.2 The blood
What is the composition?

21. 8.2
The blood
Composition of blood
centrifugation

22. 8.2
The blood
Composition of blood
plasma
blood cells

23. 8.2
The blood
1 Plasma
90% water
10% soluble substances

24. 1 Plasma 10% soluble substances - plasma proteins - nutrients - waste
8.2
The blood
1 Plasma
10% soluble substances
- plasma proteins
- nutrients
- waste
- respiratory gases
- hormones

25. 8.2
The blood
2 Blood cells

26. 2 Blood cells blood platelet red blood cell white blood cell 8.2
The blood
2 Blood cells
blood platelet
red blood cell
white blood cell

27. 2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Shape
8.2
The blood
2 Blood cells
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
Shape
Biconcave disc
Irregular
Small & irregular

28. 2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets
8.2
The blood
2 Blood cells
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
Nucleus
Colour No
Large No
Red
Colourless
Colourless
due to haemoglobin

29. 2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets Size
8.2
The blood
2 Blood cells
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
Size
Small (7-8 μm)*
Phagocyte: large (10-29 μm)* Lymphocyte: small (6-10 μm)*
< red blood cells (1-4 μm)*
* Diameter

30. 2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets
8.2
The blood
2 Blood cells
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
Number (/mm3)
Function
5.4 million
7000
Carrying oxygen
Killing germs
Blood clotting
by haemoglobin

31. 2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets
8.2
The blood
2 Blood cells
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
Made in
Life span
Bone marrow
Bone marrow, spleen
Bone marrow
120 days
A few days
A few days

32. 2 Blood cells Red blood cells White blood cells Blood platelets
8.2
The blood
2 Blood cells
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets
Break down in
Liver and spleen
Killed by germs;
Passed out in faeces
Liver and spleen

33. Examination of a blood smear
8.2
The blood
8.1
Examination of a blood smear
1 Examine a blood smear with a microscope.

34. 2 Identify different blood cells. Draw high power diagrams of them.
8.2
The blood
8.1
2 Identify different blood cells. Draw high power diagrams of them.
red blood cell
phagocyte
lymphocyte

35. 3 Observe any differences between the blood cells.
8.2
The blood
8.1
3 Observe any differences between the blood cells.

36. What are the functions of blood?
8.2
The blood
What are the functions of blood?

37. Functions of blood 1 Transport of substances Red blood cells oxygen
8.2
The blood
Functions of blood
1 Transport of substances
Red blood cells
oxygen

38. Functions of blood 1 Transport of substances Plasma carbon dioxide
8.2
The blood
Functions of blood
1 Transport of substances
Plasma
carbon dioxide
nutrients
urea
hormones
heat
antibodies

39. Functions of blood 2 Protection against diseases Phagocyte
8.2
The blood
Functions of blood
2 Protection against diseases
Phagocyte
engulfs and digests germs by phagoctosis

40. kill germs or neutralize toxins
8.2
The blood
Functions of blood
2 Protection against diseases
Lymphocyte
produces antibodies
kill germs or neutralize toxins

41. prevents further blood loss and entry of germs through the wounds
8.2
The blood
Functions of blood
2 Protection against diseases
Blood platelets
help in blood clotting
prevents further blood loss and entry of germs through the wounds

42. 1 blood plasma blood cells blood platelet red blood cell
8.2
The blood 1
blood
plasma
blood cells
blood platelet
red blood cell
white blood cell

43. 2 Functions of blood: Plasma carries heat and dissolved substances 8.2
The blood
2 Functions of blood:
Plasma
carries heat and
dissolved
substances

44. 2 Functions of blood: Red blood cells contain to carry oxygen
8.2
The blood
2 Functions of blood:
Red blood cells
contain to carry oxygen
haemoglobin

45. 2 Functions of blood: White blood cells protect us against diseases
8.2
The blood
2 Functions of blood:
White blood cells
protect us against
diseases

46. 2 Functions of blood: Blood platelets help in blood clotting 8.2
The blood
2 Functions of blood:
Blood platelets
help in
blood clotting

47. Three types of blood vessels
8.3 The blood vessels
Three types of blood vessels
heart
aorta
venae cavae
arteries
veins
arteries
veins
capillaries
arterioles
venules
capillaries

48. capillary network (微血管網)
8.3
The blood vessels
artery (動脈)
arteriole (小動脈)
venule (小靜脈)
vein (靜脈)
capillary network (微血管網)

49. 8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
vein
artery

50. Arteries and veins artery thin layer of fibrous tissue
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
thin layer of fibrous tissue
thick layer of muscles and elastic tissue
thicker wall
artery
smaller lumen

51. Arteries and veins vein thick layer of fibrous tissue
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
thick layer of fibrous tissue
thin layer of muscles and elastic tissue
thinner wall
vein
larger lumen

52. Why do arteries have a thicker muscular wall?
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
artery
vein
Why do arteries have a thicker muscular wall?

53. regulates amount of blood flow
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
thick muscular wall
contracts and relaxes
diameter changed
regulates amount of blood flow

54. Why do artery walls contain more elastic fibres?
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
artery
vein
Why do artery walls contain more elastic fibres?

55. Arteries and veins when heart relaxes arteries recoil (反衝)
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
when heart relaxes
arteries recoil (反衝)
continuous blood flow

56. Arteries and veins Vein Artery Direction of blood flow
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
Vein
Artery
Direction of blood flow
Towards the heart
Away from the heart
vein
artery

57. Arteries and veins Vein Artery Nature of blood Oxygenated
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
Vein
Artery
Nature of blood
Deoxygenated
Oxygenated
deoxygenated blood
oxygenated blood
(not in pulmonary vein and umbilical vein)
(not in pulmonary artery and umbilical artery)

58. Arteries and veins Vein Artery Wall vein artery (fewer elastic fibres)
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
Vein
Artery
Wall
Thinner
Thicker
vein
artery
(fewer elastic fibres)
(more elastic fibres)

59. large lumen (resistance )
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
Vein
Artery
Lumen
Large
Small
large lumen (resistance )
small lumen

60. Arteries and veins Vein Artery Blood pressure
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
Vein
Artery
Blood pressure
Low
High
due to resistance in capillaries
due to pumping of heart

61. Arteries and veins Vein Artery Force for blood flow contraction
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
Vein
Artery
Force for blood flow
Contraction of muscles
Pumping of heart
contraction
pumping
squeeze veins
blood flow
blood flow

62. Arteries and veins Vein Artery Presence of valves
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
Vein
Artery
Presence of valves
Present
Absent
except at the base of pulmonary artery and aorta
prevent backflow of blood

63. Arteries and veins to heart 1 Muscles contract. vein valve
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
to heart
1 Muscles contract.
vein
valve
2 They press against the vein.
muscle

64. Arteries and veins to heart 3 The vein is squeezed.
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
to heart
3 The vein is squeezed.
4 The blood is forced to flow.

65. Arteries and veins to heart 5 Muscles relax.
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
to heart
5 Muscles relax.
6 Valves prevent blood from flowing back.

66. Arteries and veins Vein Artery Location Close to body surface
8.3
The blood vessels
Arteries and veins
Vein
Artery
Location
Close to body surface
Deep inside the body

67. Examination of the transverse sections of an artery and a vein
8.3
The blood vessels
8.2
Examination of the transverse sections of an artery and a vein
1 Examine the transverse sections of an artery and a vein with a microscope.
artery
vein

68. 2 Draw labelled diagrams of the artery and the vein.
8.3
The blood vessels
8.2
2 Draw labelled diagrams of the artery and the vein.
3 Observe any structural differences between them.

69. capillary network (微血管網)
8.3
The blood vessels
artery (動脈)
arteriole (小動脈)
venule (小靜脈)
vein (靜脈)
capillary network (微血管網)

70. Capillaries small lumen one-cell thick capillary wall
8.3
The blood vessels
Capillaries
small lumen
one-cell thick capillary wall
differentially permeable

71. 8.3
The blood vessels
Capillaries
capillary wall
outside
inside

72. Capillaries outside inside
8.3
The blood vessels
Capillaries
outside
inside
small substances, e.g. O2, glucose and metabolic waste can pass through

73.  Capillaries outside inside
8.3
The blood vessels
Capillaries 
outside
inside
blood cells and proteins are too large to pass through

74. Adaptations 1 Capillary bed (微血管床)
8.3
The blood vessels
Adaptations
1 Capillary bed (微血管床)
large surface area for rapid exchange
capillary bed

75. 8.3
The blood vessels
Adaptations
2 Large total cross-sectional area

76. Adaptations 2 Large total cross-sectional area capillary (T.S.) 8.3
The blood vessels
Adaptations
capillary (T.S.)
2 Large total cross-sectional area

77. Adaptations 2 Large total cross-sectional area
8.3
The blood vessels
Adaptations
2 Large total cross-sectional area
blood flows slowly to allow longer period of time for exchange

78. Adaptations 3 One-cell thick capillary wall
8.3
The blood vessels
Adaptations
3 One-cell thick capillary wall
short diffusion distance for rapid exchange
one-cell thick capillary wall

79. Examination of the capillary flow in a fish tail fin
8.3
The blood vessels
8.3
Video
Examination of the capillary flow in a fish tail fin
1 Wrap a small living fish in moist paper towels and put it in a Petri dish. Put a slide over the tail fin.

80. 8.3
The blood vessels
8.3
2 Using low power magnification of a microscope or an image analysing device, observe the movement of blood in the capillary network in the tail fin.
red blood cell

81. Results of observation
8.3
The blood vessels
8.3
Results of observation
The blood flow in the capillary network is quite slow. The direction of flow is one way. Red blood cells have a similar diameter to that of the capillaries.
red blood cell

82. Blood pressure pumping of heart: blood pressure blood pressure
8.3
The blood vessels
Blood pressure
pumping of heart:
blood pressure
 high & changes periodically
blood pressure
artery
arteriole

83. Blood pressure narrow diameter: high resistance  blood pressure drops
8.3
The blood vessels
Blood pressure
narrow diameter:
high resistance
 blood pressure drops
blood pressure
artery
capillary
arteriole

84. Blood pressure long distance from heart: great friction
8.3
The blood vessels
Blood pressure
long distance from heart:
great friction
 blood pressure further drops
blood pressure
artery
capillary
vein
arteriole
venule

85. 1 aorta arteries branches into branch into pumps blood into heart
8.3
The blood vessels 1
branches into
aorta
arteries
branch into
pumps blood into
heart
join to form
drain blood into
join to form

86. arterioles capillaries venules
8.3
The blood vessels
branch into a network of
arterioles
capillaries
(exchange of materials)
venules
join to form

87. 1 aorta arteries venae cavae veins branches into branch into
8.3
The blood vessels 1
branches into
aorta
arteries
branch into
pumps blood into
heart
join to form
drain blood into
venae cavae
veins
join to form

88. 2 Arteries: 2 carries blood oxygenated (except artery and artery)
8.3
The blood vessels
2 Arteries: 2
carries blood
oxygenated
(except artery and artery)
pulmonary
umbilical

89. 8.3
The blood vessels 2
2 Arteries:
wall contains thick layer of muscles to regulate the blood flow
muscles
elastic fibres recoil to maintain blood flow
elastic

90. 2 Veins: 2 carries blood deoxygenated (except vein and vein) pulmonary
8.3
The blood vessels
2 Veins: 2
carries blood
deoxygenated
(except vein and vein)
pulmonary
umbilical

91. 2 Veins: 2 lumen to reduce resistance to blood flow large
8.3
The blood vessels
2 Veins: 2
lumen to reduce resistance to blood flow
large
present to prevent backflow of blood
valves
backflow
blood flows in one direction

92. 8.3
The blood vessels
2 Capillaries: 2
allows exchange of materials between blood and body cells
exchange

93. 2 Capillaries: 2 branching increases surface area for diffusion
8.3
The blood vessels
2 Capillaries: 2
branching increases surface area for diffusion
surface
area
large total cross-sectional area
cross-sectional
blood flows slowly
more time for material exchange

94. 8.3
The blood vessels
2 Capillaries: 2
thick capillary wall provides short diffusion distance
one-cell

95. 3 Movement of blood: pumping action of the heart pumping action
8.3
The blood vessels
3 Movement of blood:
In arteries:
pumping action of the heart
pumping action
In veins:
contraction of muscles lying next to the veins
contraction

96. 4 Blood pressure: high gradually drops a great due to narrow diameter
8.3
The blood vessels
4 Blood pressure:
In arteries:
high
gradually
In arterioles:
drops
In capillaries:
a great due to narrow diameter
drop

97. 8.3
The blood vessels
4 Blood pressure:
In veins:
becomes even as the blood has overcome great friction and travelled a long distance
lower
friction

98. in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs
8.4 The heart
3D Model
in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs

99. 8.4 The heart
about the size of a fist (拳)

100. 8.4 The heart
weighs about 300 g

101. 8.4 The heart
surrounded by pericardium (圍心膜)

102. 8.4 The heart
mainly made up of cardiac muscles (心肌)

103. Structure of the heart right atrium (右心房) left atrium (左心房)
8.4
The heart
Structure of the heart
right atrium (右心房)
left atrium (左心房)
right ventricle (右心室)
left ventricle (左心室)

104. Structure of the heart aorta pulmonary artery anterior vena cava
8.4
The heart
Structure of the heart
aorta
pulmonary artery
anterior vena cava
pulmonary veins
coronary artery
posterior vena cava
coronary vein

105. Structure of the heart coronary arteries (冠狀動脈)
8.4
The heart
Structure of the heart
coronary arteries (冠狀動脈)
- receive blood from aorta
- supply oxygen and nutrients to cardiac muscles
coronary veins (冠狀靜脈)
- carry away carbon dioxide and waste

106. 8.4
The heart
Structure of the heart

107. Structure of the heart left atrium right atrium right ventricle
8.4
The heart
Structure of the heart
left atrium
right atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle

108. Structure of the heart aorta pulmonary artery pulmonary veins
8.4
The heart
Structure of the heart
aorta
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
anterior vena cava
posterior vena cava

109. Structure of the heart semilunar valves bicuspid valve tricuspid valve
8.4
The heart
Structure of the heart
semilunar valves
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
septum

110. 8.4
The heart
Structure of the heart
septum prevents mixing of blood on the two sides
deoxygenated blood
oxygenated blood

111. Structure of the heart left atrium right atrium right ventricle
8.4
The heart
Structure of the heart
left atrium
right atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle

112. 8.4
The heart
Atria
thin muscular wall

113. Atria deoxygenated blood from head & arms anterior vena cava 8.4
The heart
Atria
deoxygenated blood from head & arms
anterior vena cava

114. Atria pulmonary veins deoxygenated blood from head & arms
8.4
The heart
Atria
pulmonary veins
deoxygenated blood from head & arms
oxygenated blood from lungs
posterior vena cava
deoxygenated blood from legs & abdomen

115. Structure of the heart left atrium right atrium right ventricle
8.4
The heart
Structure of the heart
left atrium
right atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle

116. 8.4
The heart
Ventricles
thick muscular wall

117. Ventricles left ventricle has thicker muscular wall right left 8.4
The heart
Ventricles
left ventricle has thicker muscular wall
right
left

118. Ventricles right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle
8.4
The heart
Animation
Ventricles
right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
pulmonary artery
aorta
rest of body
lungs

119. Structure of the heart semilunar valves bicuspid valve tricuspid valve
8.4
The heart
Structure of the heart
semilunar valves
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
septum

120. 8.4
The heart
Heart valves

121. Heart valves tricuspid valve (3 flaps) bicuspid valve (2 flaps) aorta
8.4
The heart
Heart valves
tricuspid valve (3 flaps)
bicuspid valve (2 flaps)
aorta
pulmonary artery
semilunar valves

122. Heart valves Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve
8.4
The heart
Heart valves
Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve
prevent backflow of blood into atria

123. Heart valves Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve
8.4
The heart
Heart valves
Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve
held by tough heart tendons (心腱索)

124. prevent valves from turning inside out
8.4
The heart
Heart valves
Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve
held by tough heart tendons (心腱索)
prevent valves from turning inside out

125. Heart valves Semilunar valves
8.4
The heart
Heart valves
Semilunar valves
prevent backflow of blood into ventricles

126. Dissection and examination of a pig heart
8.4
The heart
8.4
Video
Dissection and examination of a pig heart
1 Identify the left and right sides, the dorsal and ventral sides, and the major blood vessels of a pig heart.

127. 8.4
The heart
8.4
2 Run water slowly into each of the four major blood vessels in turn. Observe what happens.

128. 8.4
The heart
8.4
3 Cut the ventricles from the bottom into two halves horizontally. First along the left side, then along the middle and lastly along the right side. Remove the ventral halves of the ventricles.
ventral side

129. 8.4
The heart
8.4
4 Cut the atria into two halves to show the valves. Remove the ventral halves of the atria. Cut open the base of the pulmonary artery and identify the semilunar valves inside.
pulmonary artery

130. 8.4
The heart
8.4
5 Move the pulmonary artery sideways to the left. Then cut open the base of the aorta and identify the semilunar valves inside.
aorta

131. Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ
8.4
The heart
Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ
1 Cardiac muscles can contract and relax continuously

132. Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ
8.4
The heart
Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ
2 Ventricles have thick muscular wall

133. Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ
8.4
The heart
Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ
3 Bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve and semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood

134. Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ
8.4
The heart
Adaptation of the heart as an effective pumping organ
4 Heart tendons prevent bicuspid and tricuspid valves from turning inside out

135. 1 The supply oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscles.
8.4
The heart
1 The supply oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscles.
The carry away carbon dioxide and other waste from the cardiac muscles.
coronary arteries
coronary veins

136. 2 The heart consists of four chambers:
8.4
The heart
2 The heart consists of four chambers:
left atrium
right atrium
left ventricle
right ventricle

137. 2 Valves also present to prevent backflow of blood:
8.4
The heart
2 Valves also present to prevent backflow of blood:
semilunar valves
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve

138. 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart:
8.4
The heart
3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart:
carry deoxygenated blood into the heart
venae cavae

139. 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart:
8.4
The heart
3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart:
carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
pulmonary artery

140. 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart:
8.4
The heart
3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart:
carry oxygenated blood into the heart
pulmonary veins

141. 3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart:
8.4
The heart
3 Blood vessels that carry blood into and out of the heart:
carries oxygenated blood to all parts of body
aorta

142. pulmonary circulation (肺循環) systemic circulation (體循環)
8.5 Blood circulation
blood circulation
pulmonary circulation (肺循環)
systemic circulation (體循環)

143. pulmonary circulation
8.5
Blood circulation
pulmonary artery
pulmonary circulation
aorta
venae cavae
pulmonary veins
right
left

144. all other parts of the body
8.5
Blood circulation
pulmonary artery
systemic circulation
aorta
venae cavae
pulmonary veins
right
left
all other parts of the body

145. pulmonary circulation (肺循環) systemic circulation (體循環)
8.5
Blood circulation
blood circulation
double circulation (雙循環)
pulmonary circulation (肺循環)
systemic circulation (體循環)

146. 1 Pulmonary circulation
8.5
Blood circulation
1 Pulmonary circulation
1 Right ventricle contracts.

147. 1 Pulmonary circulation
8.5
Blood circulation
1 Pulmonary circulation
pulmonary artery
2 Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs.

148. 1 Pulmonary circulation
8.5
Blood circulation
1 Pulmonary circulation
3 Gas exchange takes place.
lungs

149. 1 Pulmonary circulation
8.5
Blood circulation
1 Pulmonary circulation
4 Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium.
pulmonary veins

150. body parts (except lungs)
8.5
Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
1 Oxygenated blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle.
body parts (except lungs)

151. body parts (except lungs)
8.5
Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
2 Left ventricle contracts.
body parts (except lungs)

152. body parts (except lungs)
8.5
Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
3 Blood is pumped to all body parts (except the lungs).
aorta
body parts (except lungs)

153. body parts (except lungs)
8.5
Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
4 Exchange of materials takes place, the blood becomes deoxygenated.
body parts (except lungs)

154. body parts (except lungs)
8.5
Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
venae cavae
5 Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium through veins.
body parts (except lungs)

155. 8.5
Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
aorta

156. 2 Systemic circulation head, neck, arms anterior vena cava 8.5
Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
head, neck, arms
anterior vena cava

157. 8.5
Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
posterior vena cava
aorta

158. 2 Systemic circulation liver hepatic vein hepatic artery 8.5
Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
liver
hepatic vein
hepatic artery

159. (nutrient-rich blood)
8.5
Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
liver
hepatic portal vein
(nutrient-rich blood)
small intestine

160. 2 Systemic circulation posterior vena cava aorta
8.5
Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
posterior vena cava
aorta
1 After digestion, nutrient-rich blood is passed to liver through hepatic portal vein.

161. 2 Systemic circulation posterior vena cava aorta
8.5
Blood circulation
2 Systemic circulation
posterior vena cava
aorta
2 The blood then flows through hepatic vein and posterior vena cava to the heart.

162. 1a In the pulmonary circulation:
8.5
Blood circulation
1a In the pulmonary circulation:
The pumps deoxygenated blood through the to the lungs for gas exchange.
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs

163. 1a In the pulmonary circulation:
8.5
Blood circulation
1a In the pulmonary circulation:
The oxygenated blood flows through to the
pulmonary veins
left atrium

164. 1b In the systemic circulation:
8.5
Blood circulation
1b In the systemic circulation:
The oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium to the left ventricle .
left ventricle

165. 1b In the systemic circulation:
8.5
Blood circulation
1b In the systemic circulation:
The left ventricle then pumps the blood through to all parts of the body except the lungs .
aorta
lungs

166. 1b In the systemic circulation:
8.5
Blood circulation
1b In the systemic circulation:
Exchange of materials takes place in the capillary bed. The blood becomes
deoxygenated

167. 1b In the systemic circulation:
8.5
Blood circulation
1b In the systemic circulation:
The deoxygenated blood returns to the through the
right atrium
venae cavae

168. 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
takes place at capillaries

169. 8.6 Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
takes place at capillaries
How does it take place?

170. Exchange of materials plasma capillary red blood cell tissue fluid
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Exchange of materials
plasma
capillary
red blood cell
tissue fluid
body cell

171. Exchange of materials oxyhaemoglobin O2 8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Exchange of materials
oxyhaemoglobin O2

172. Exchange of materials CO2 + H2O HCO3- nutrients, water O2 CO2 waste
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Exchange of materials
nutrients, water
CO2 + H2O HCO3- O2
CO2
waste

173. How is tissue fluid formed?
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Exchange of materials
How is tissue fluid formed?

174. Formation of tissue fluid
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Formation of tissue fluid
blood flow
capillary
arteriole
tissue fluid
body cells
lymph capillaries (淋巴微管)
venule

175. Formation of tissue fluid
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Formation of tissue fluid
Arteriole end
pressure of blood
higher than
pressure of fluid surrounding the body cells

176. Formation of tissue fluid
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Formation of tissue fluid
some components of plasma are forced out to form tissue fluid

177. Formation of tissue fluid
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Formation of tissue fluid
outside
inside
some components of plasma are forced out to form tissue fluid
H2O
minerals
sugars
fats
hormones
capillary wall

178. Formation of tissue fluid
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Formation of tissue fluid
outside
inside
some components of plasma are forced out to form tissue fluid
WBC
white blood cells squeeze through
capillary wall

179.  Formation of tissue fluid outside inside
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Formation of tissue fluid
outside
inside
some components of plasma are forced out to form tissue fluid 
RBC
platelets
plasma proteins
white blood cells squeeze through
some are too large → remain in blood
capillary wall

180. Formation of tissue fluid
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Formation of tissue fluid
Venule end
water potential of tissue fluid
higher than
water potential of blood

181. Formation of tissue fluid
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Formation of tissue fluid
water in tissue fluid is drawn into capillaries by osmosis

182. Formation of tissue fluid
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Formation of tissue fluid
small amount of tissue fluid drains into lymph capillaries

183. Why are all body cells bathed in tissue fluid?
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Why are all body cells bathed in tissue fluid?

184. Importance of tissue fluid
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
Importance of tissue fluid
1 Provides a constant environment for the body cells
2 Serves as an important link for the exchange of materials between capillaries and body cells

185. 8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
1a At the capillaries, useful materials are forced out of the into the and then diffuse into the body cells.
blood
tissue fluid

186. 8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
1b Waste products from the body cells diffuse into the and then diffuse through the capillary wall into the
tissue fluid
blood

187. 8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
2 Blood pressure in the capillaries is than the pressure of fluid surrounding the body cells.
Some plasma except plasma protein is forced out of the capillaries to form the tissue fluid.
higher
plasma
protein

188. 2 can squeeze through the capillary wall and enter the tissue fluid.
8.6
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells
can squeeze through the capillary wall and enter the tissue fluid.
White blood cells

189. What are lymph capillaries?
8.7 Lymphatic system
capillary
What are lymph capillaries?
arteriole
tissue fluid
body cells
lymph capillaries (淋巴微管)
venule

190. part of lymphatic system
capillary
tissue fluid inside is called lymph (淋巴)
arteriole
tissue fluid
body cells
lymph capillaries (淋巴微管)
venule

191. Components of lymphatic system
8.7
Lymphatic system
Components of lymphatic system
lymph node (淋巴結)
lymph vessel (淋巴管)
group of lymph nodes

192. Components of lymphatic system
8.7
Lymphatic system
Components of lymphatic system
lymph vessels join to two large veins, returning lymph into blood

193. 1 Lymph capillaries and vessels
8.7
Lymphatic system
1 Lymph capillaries and vessels
lymph capillaries are blind-ended
join to form
lymph vessels

194. 1 Lymph capillaries and vessels
8.7
Lymphatic system
1 Lymph capillaries and vessels
flow of lymph in lymph vessels
~ blood flow in veins
contraction of muscles
presence of valves

195. 1 Lymph capillaries and vessels
8.7
Lymphatic system
1 Lymph capillaries and vessels
to prevent backflow of lymph
valve
presence of valves

196. 8.7
Lymphatic system
2 Lymph nodes
at intervals along lymph vessels

197. 2 Lymph nodes space filled with white blood cells lymph vessel 8.7
Lymphatic system
2 Lymph nodes
space filled with white blood cells
lymph vessel

198. 2 Lymph nodes space filled with white blood cells lymph vessel 8.7
Lymphatic system
2 Lymph nodes
space filled with white blood cells
lymph vessel

199. Functions of lymphatic system
8.7
Lymphatic system
Functions of lymphatic system
1 Collects and returns excess tissue fluid to the blood

200. Functions of lymphatic system
8.7
Lymphatic system
Functions of lymphatic system
2 Protects us against diseases by white blood cells
white blood cells

201. Functions of lymphatic system
8.7
Lymphatic system
Functions of lymphatic system
3 Transports lipids
In the small intestine, lipids are absorbed into lacteals in the villi.

202. Functions of lymphatic system
8.7
Lymphatic system
Functions of lymphatic system
3 Transports lipids
In the small intestine, lipids are absorbed into lacteals in the villi.
lacteal
villus

203. 1 Lymphatic system consists of:
8.7
Lymphatic system
1 Lymphatic system consists of:
collects excess tissue fluid as lymph
lymph capillary
formed by joining lymph capillaries
lymph vessels
found at intervals along lymph vessels
lymph nodes

204. 8.7
Lymphatic system
2 Lymph is driven forwards inside lymph vessels by contraction of muscles surrounding the vessels.
are also present in the lymph vessels to prevent backflow of lymph. 2
muscles
Valves

205. 3 Functions of lymphatic system:
8.7
Lymphatic system
3 Functions of lymphatic system:
transports back to the blood
tissue fluid

206. 3 Functions of lymphatic system:
8.7
Lymphatic system
3 Functions of lymphatic system:
filters out germs from lymph at
lymph nodes

207. 3 Functions of lymphatic system:
8.7
Lymphatic system
3 Functions of lymphatic system:
transports from lacteals in intestinal villi to the blood
lipids

208. 1 What are the functions of blood in our body?
Blood is the transport medium in our body. It is also important in protecting us against diseases.

209. 2 What is haemoglobin? What is its role in the body?
Haemoglobin in red blood cells acts as oxygen carriers.

210. 3 Can artificial blood totally replace donated blood? Why?
Artificial blood consisting mainly of haemoglobin can carry oxygen to the organs. However, it cannot serve for other functions of blood, such as defence against diseases and blood clotting.

211. Transport in humans circulatory system lymphatic system heart blood
is provided by
circulatory system
lymphatic system
consists of
heart
blood
blood vessels

212. blood plasma blood cells red blood cells white blood cells
made up of
plasma
blood cells
include
red blood cells
white blood cells
blood platelets

213. lymphatic system lymph vessels lymph lymph nodes tissue fluid
consists of
lymph vessels
lymph
have swellings called
formed from
lymph nodes
tissue fluid