1. G EANT 4 energy loss of protons, electrons and magnetic monopole M. Vladymyrov

2. About speaker M. Vladymyrov has finished school #145 in Kiev (Ukraine) and entered Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Department of General and Applicated Physics. This year he has finished his bachelor and now is master-course student and does his diploma in Lebedev Physical Institute (Moscow). This work is carried out within Summer Student program at CERN, working in SFT-group, G EANT 4 team.

3. PART I Proton’s energy loss

4. The simulation performance and accuracy depends on the values of used simulation parameters. We used G4 9.0 examples/extended/hadronic/Hadr01 to study dependence on parameters. The target was water cylinder, long enough for the track to stop in it. It was divided to thin slices perpendicular to the beam, and energy loss was averaged within each slice. Beam energy was 70MeV, 110MeV, 160MeV and 400MeV

5. Proton’s energy deposition: dependence on cut Production threshold (Cut) is measure of lowest energy of secondary particles, from which they are simulated explicitly For lower energy the effect is even bigger, since for higher – negligible (see Appendix)

6. Proton’s energy deposition: dependence linLossLimit (LLL) linLossLimit parameter is used to choose algorithm to calculate energy losses: Step size is 0.1 mm. We see, that for low LLL appear waves. if:else: Where R(E) and E(R) are calculated from corresponding tables * * Precision of this method is up to second order Precision of this method we study

7. Proton’s energy deposition: waves To understand, the origin of the waves, let’s see, how second algorithm works. When s < R i+1 – R i ΔE does not depend on E 0 within 2 neighbor nodes

8. Proton’s energy deposition: dependence linLossLimit (LLL) Each step corresponds to same 2 nodes in the table.         table node

9. Proton’s energy deposition: large number of bins (1200) As we could expect, increasing number of bins (default value is 120 bins) in the table solves the problem :

10. Proton’s energy deposition: large number of bins

11. Comparison 1200 with 240 bins table results

12. Proton’s energy deposition: conclusion Default parameters are stable (don’t provide waves) Default parameters are stable (don’t provide waves) Systematic accuracy of peak position for 100MeV proton is about 0.5 mm. Systematic accuracy of peak position for 100MeV proton is about 0.5 mm. For better accuracy one has to use lower LLL, and simultaneously increase number of bins in tables for dedx and ranges. For better accuracy one has to use lower LLL, and simultaneously increase number of bins in tables for dedx and ranges. The same behavior was obtained also in aluminium and lead. The same behavior was obtained also in aluminium and lead.

13. PART II Electron’s energy deposition

14. Electron's energy deposition The studies for electron were almost the same, as for proton, but with lower energy: 1MeV. Bremsstrahlung low Bremsstrahlung low Significant part of EM shower Significant part of EM shower

15. Electron's energy deposition No fluctuations and multiple scattering

16. Electron's energy deposition Despite the parameters doesn’t effect the ELoss shape explicitly (because of fluctuations and msc), we should take it into account for simulation in tiny absorbers.

17. Electron's energy deposition : conclusion Results are similar to that for protons Results are similar to that for protons Stepped structure is even with default values (see Appendix for more plots) Stepped structure is even with default values (see Appendix for more plots) For precise results one has to increase binning For precise results one has to increase binning

18. PART III Magnetic monopole

19. G EANT 4 monopole energy losses were checked and fixed G EANT 4 monopole energy losses were checked and fixed New G EANT 4 example was created and added to reference tag geant4.9.0.ref01 (examples/extended/exoticphysics/monopole) New G EANT 4 example was created and added to reference tag geant4.9.0.ref01 (examples/extended/exoticphysics/monopole) QGSP physics list QGSP physics list Extra builder was created Extra builder was created G4Monopole added G4Monopole added standard transportation and G4mplIonisation standard transportation and G4mplIonisation

20. Magnetic monopole: Energy losses Ahlen’s formula for monopole stopping power (Rev.Mod.Phys 52.(1980), 121) g – magnetic charge (default 68.5e) K(|g|) – Kazama et al. cross-section correction B(|g|) – Bloch correction δ m – density correction Main difference from Bethe-Bloch formula is e 2 -> g 2 β 2

21. Magnetic monopole: Ranges in aluminium and liquid argon Log10(Range/mm) Log10(Range/mm) AllAr Log10(E/MeV)Log10(E/MeV)

22. 100GeV Magnetic monopole: Energy deposition in Al

23. Magnetic monopole: conclusion It was shown how to add an exotic particle to the QGSP physics list It was shown how to add an exotic particle to the QGSP physics list Example with monopole physics was created and included in G4 distribution Example with monopole physics was created and included in G4 distribution We are ready to make R-hadron example, but better understanding of R-hadron interactions with media is required We are ready to make R-hadron example, but better understanding of R-hadron interactions with media is required

24. ToDo: It will be good to have nonlinear interpolation for E(R) and R(E) tables (quadratic, cubic), this will significantly decrease error for nonlinear ELoss calculation. It will be good to have nonlinear interpolation for E(R) and R(E) tables (quadratic, cubic), this will significantly decrease error for nonlinear ELoss calculation. G4VPhysicsVector options? G4VPhysicsVector options? Estimation the curvature for track of monopole with mass 500 GeV in ATLAS magnetic field 2T after 1 meter gives Estimation the curvature for track of monopole with mass 500 GeV in ATLAS magnetic field 2T after 1 meter gives about 1.5cm for kinetic energy 500GeV about 1.5cm for kinetic energy 500GeV about 10cm for kinetic energy 100GeV about 10cm for kinetic energy 100GeV This means that for precise results we need special transportation in magnetic field. This means that for precise results we need special transportation in magnetic field.

25. Questions?...

26. Appendix For low energies the result strongly depend on cut

27. Proton’s energy deposition: waves This method is good when s >> r Red line – calculation using first method

28. Electron's energy deposition

30. 100GeV Magnetic monopole: Energy deposition in lAr