1. Organic Chemistry

2. Organic Chemistry
Organic molecules  contain at least Carbon and Hydrogen
Hydrocarbons  contain ONLY Carbon and Hydrogen
Inorganic molecules may have Carbon OR Hydrogen, but not both!

3. Practice Identify the following molecules as:
Organic, Inorganic, Hydrocarbon
CH4 C6H12O6 H20 CO2 C2H5OH

4. Why is carbon so nifty?
Has 4 valence electrons, meaning it can form 4 covalent bonds!
It can form single, double, even triple bonds!

5. Bonding Characteristics of Elements
Different numbers of valence electrons  each element will make different numbers of covalent bonds
Carbon  4
Oxygen  2
Nitrogen  3

6. So what are cells made of?
Water  human body approx %
Functions
Solvent, temp regulation, transportation, cushion, etc.
Minerals  (Fe, Ca, P, Cl, Na, I……..)
Function:
help maintain fluid balance;
act as a pH buffer
aid in structure of cells (body)
allow nervous system to work

7. What are cells made of? (cont)
Organic Macromolecules are the major organic components of the cell
Macro  Big
Organic  Contains carbon and hydrogen
Molecules  Bonded together

8. 4 classes of Organic Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Sugars, starches, plant fiber (cellulose)
Lipids
fats, oils, waxes
Proteins
Muscle tissue, enzymes
Nucleic Acids
DNA, RNA

9. BIG IDEAS
The cells of organisms are ALL made of the same 4 types of macromolecules. AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL, LIFE IS PRETTY MUCH ALL THE SAME!
Organisms are constantly BUILDING UP and BREAKING DOWN organic molecules

10. How to Build a Macromolecule
Start with a small single molecule  MONOMER
Linking many monomers together  POLYMER

11. Monomer
Polymer
Figure Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

12. How we BUILD –UP and BREAK DOWN
Building Up
Use DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
Dehydration – removing water
Synthesis – Building - up
Breaking Down
Use HYDROLYSIS
Hydro – water
Lysis – splitting apart

13. Dehydration Synthesis
Monomers are linked together by the removal of an OH from one side and an H from another to make WATER

15. Hydrolysis Opposite of Dehydration Synthesis
Water molecule is put back in, which results in polymers separating into monomers

16. Remember, this whole unit is going to focus on how we BUILD UP and BREAK DOWN the four major building blocks of macromolecules
Monomers Polymers
MONOSACCHARIDES
Figure Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)

17. CARBOHYDRATES
Monomer of carbs: monosaccharide - means “one sugar” - these are the simple sugars (taste sweet!) - made of C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

18. Simple vs. Complex Carbs
Glucose (monosaccharide)
Starch (polysaccharide)

19. Types of Carbohydrates
MONOSACCHARIDES
ONE SUGAR
Ex GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE
DISACCHARIDES
TWO SUGARS
EX LACTOSE (Dairy), SUCROSE (sugar in bowl)
POLYSACCHARIDES – MANY SUGARS
STARCH – storage in plants
GLYCOGEN – storage in animals
CELLULOSE – plant cell walls

20. Monosaccharides Called simple sugars (one unit)
Three simple sugars are absorbed with no digestion (meaning….?)
glucose found syrup or honey
fructose found in fruit - sweetest
galactose found in dairy products
ISOMERS!!!!!!!

21. Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides are joined together to build disaccharides
sucrose (a sugar) can be produced by dehydration synthesis of glucose and fructose.
Lactose = Disaccharide formed by joining glucose and galactose.

22. Polysaccharides Long chains of monosaccharides!
Glycogen (animal starch)
Short term energy storage in animals (fat is what we use for long-term)
Plant starch
stores excess sugar in a plant.
Cellulose
provides strength and rigidity in plants
We cannot digest!

23. Polysaccharides as Energy Storage Molecules (cont.)

24. Polysaccharides as Energy Storage Molecules (cont.)

25. Polysaccharides as Energy Storage Molecules (cont.)

26. Polysaccharides and YOU!
You eat starch from plants and break it down into glucose (monosaccharide)
Your cells take the glucose from your blood and
A. Use it right away for cell energy
B. Save it for later by linking them together into large molecules of glycogen (pasta party anyone?)
The other polysaccharide plants make, cellulose, is NOT DIGESTABLE by you. So, it is what we call dietary fiber……..hmmmm…..?

27. Cellulose and our ecosystem
Plants = Structurally made of cellulose
We (animals) cannot break it down when we eat it
So, what happens to all those leaves, grass clippings, banana peels etc?
DECOMPOSITION!
BACTERIA AND FUNGI CAN BREAK DOWN PLANT CELLULOSE

28. Lipids
• Lipids are a diverse group of macromolecules that are insoluble in water.
• Fats and oils are well-known lipids used for energy storage and other purposes.
• Phospholipids are components of the membranes that surround cells.
• Steroids, which have a different structure from most lipids, are used as hormones and for other purposes.

29. Fats and Oils: Long-term Energy Storage
Fats and oils contain two subunits.
– Glycerol is a compound with three polar –OH groups.
– Fatty acids are long chain hydrocarbons.
A fat or oil is formed when a dehydration reaction adds fatty acids to the –OH groups of glycerol and broken down by hydrolysis reactions.
Since three fatty acids are attached to a glycerol, fats and oils are often called triglycerides.

30. Triglycerides (large lipid molecule)
Composed of fatty acids and glycerol

31. Building a triglyceride
Triglyceride formation animation
How would we break one down????

33. Fatty Acids
Have a long hydrocarbon (carbon and hydrogen) chain with a carboxyl group.
Chains usually contain carbons

34. SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED
FATTY ACIDS HAVE ONLY SINGLE BONDS
FORM STRAIGHT CHAINS – COMPACT AT ROOM TEMP. (solid fats)
UNSATURATED
FA’S HAVE ONE OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS
 KINK – LIQUID AT ROOM TEMP. (oils)
Polyunsaturated – More than one double bond in the carbon chain.

35. Fatty Acids (cont.)

36. Fatty Acids (cont.)

37. Fatty Acids (cont.)

38. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
See your Lipids reading/questions for info on these. You are responsible for structural differences between each of the following and the effect of those differences:
Saturated
Unsaturated (polyunsaturated)
Hydrogenated
Trans

40. LIPIDS: LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE STORED IN ADIPOSE (fat) TISSUE
FUNCTIONS
LONG TERM ENERGY STORAGE
STORED IN ADIPOSE (fat) TISSUE
More energy per gram than glycogen
STRUCTURAL
CELL MEMBRANES]
HYDROPHOBIC – “dislikes” water (repels water)

41. Fat vs. Carbs for energy storage?

42. Phospholipids: Membrane Components
• Phospholipids are lipids that contain a polar, hydrophilic phosphate group (instead of a third phosphate group.)
In watery media, the hydrophilic phosphate groups are oriented towards the water.
Phospholipids can form bilayers that separate two compartments of water.
Phospholipids comprise the membranes that surround cells and internal structures within cells.

43. Phospholipids: Membrane Components (cont.)

44. Steroids: Four Fused Rings
• Steroids are lipids that have four fused hydrocarbon rings with different functional groups attached.
• Cholesterol, found in animal cell membranes, and the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen are steroids.
An anabolic steroid is a synthetic testosterone.

45. Steroids: Four Fused Rings (cont.)

46. PROTEINS
IMPORTANCE!?!?!
Some important functions of proteins are listed below.
enzymes (chemical reactions)
hormones
storage (egg whites of birds, reptiles; seeds)
transport (hemoglobin)
contractile (muscle)
protective (antibodies)
membrane proteins (receptors, membrane transport, antigens)
structural
toxins (botulism, diphtheria

47. Protein monomers  Amino Acids
Twenty different amino acids are used to make protein. Each has a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group (NH2).

48. Amino Acids: Subunits of Proteins (cont.)

49. Proteins
There are 20 different amino acids
- all have same amino end, carboxyl end and central carbon
- EACH has a different R group
Amino acids are made of:
C, H, O, N, and S (in R group of some)

50. Amino Acid Bonding Amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond.
Formed as a result of a dehydration synthesis reaction

51. Peptide Bond Animation

53. Peptide Bond
How is it different than the dehydration reaction we looked at with carbs and lipids?

54. BUILDING A PROTEIN
Amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides
To become a “protein” a polypeptide must be folded into a unique 3D shape
Only proteins have a “job”.
Polypeptides don’t “work” until folded into a specific shape

55. 4 LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
PRIMARY – AMINO ACID SEQUENCE [CODED BY YOUR GENES]
SECONDARY – PLEATED SHEET OR HELIX
TERTIARY – GLOB
QUATERNARY – 2 OR MORE GLOBS TOGETHER
Not all proteins go to this level!

57. DENATURATION LOSS OF SHAPE  LOSS OF FUNCTION.
DENATURATION
LOSS OF SHAPE  LOSS OF FUNCTION.
CAUSED BY HIGH TEMPRATURES, SALT, OR pH CHANGES.

58. NUCLEIC ACIDS: Examples FUNCTIONS
DNA [DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID] – RING OR HELIX, DOUBLE STRANDED
RNA [RIBONUCLEIC ACID] – SINGLE STRANDED.
FUNCTIONS
INFORMATION STORAGE
DIRECTIONS FOR HOW TO BUILD
PROTEINS  YOU!

59. NUCLEIC ACIDS: MONOMER  NUCLEOTIDE SUGARS – DEOXYRIBOSE OR RIBOSE
5-Carbon Sugar +
Nitrogenous Base
Phosphate Group
SUGARS – DEOXYRIBOSE OR RIBOSE

60. Elements of NA: C,H,O,N and P
Structure of Nucleotide
Elements of NA: C,H,O,N and P
Base P o
CH2 H OH H H H P
= Phosphate = H2PO3

61. NUCLEIC ACIDS: NITROGEN BASES make the nucleotides different
DNA Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)

62. Structure of DNA Two long chains of nucleotides
Connected between ribose groups by phosphates
Paired nitrogen bases (A-T; C-G)
Forms a double helix with H bonds

63. o = Phosphate = H2PO3 Structure of Nucleic Acids
- Build/broken down using same reactions!!
Base P o
CH2 H OH H H H P
= Phosphate = H2PO3

64. Base o P
CH2 H H H H OH
H20 o H OH
Base
CH2 P P
= H2PO3

65. Base o P
CH2 H H H H o H OH
Base
CH2 P

66. Forms Phosphate-sugar backbone o
Chain forms by connecting the sugar of one NT to the Phosphate of the next
Forms Phosphate-sugar backbone o H
Base
CH2 OH P

67. DNA structure Two long chains of nucleotides
Connected between ribose groups by phosphates
Paired nitrogen bases (A-T; C-G)
Forms a double helix with H bonds
Forms genes – units of genetic information p s s p s c p a t g g a t a c c g t

68. RNA Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose sugar
Uracil instead of thymine
A-U; C-G
Single strand, highly folded
Three types of RNA
t-RNA, m-RNA, r-RNA
Each performs a different role in protein synthesis

69. Relationship Between Proteins and Nucleic Acids
The order of amino acids in a protein determines its shape and function.
The DNA contains the instructions for the sequence of amino acids in each protein.
Errors or faults in the DNA can change the function of the encoded protein.

70. Relationship Between Proteins and Nucleic Acids (cont.)