1. FOWLER CHAPTER 13 LECTURE 13 RCL CIRCUITS

2. IMPEDANCE (Z): COMBINED OPPOSITION TO RESISTANCE AND REACTANCE. MEASURED IN OHMS. CHAPTER 13 COMBINED RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE(RCL) CIRCUITS ALL 3 RCL COMPOENTS ARE IN SERIES

3. ELI THE ICEMAN FOR INDUCTORS: VOLTAGE LEADS CURRENT FOR CAPACITORS: CURRENT LEADS VOLTAGE

4. FOR SERIES RCL CIRCUIT CURRENT IS THE SAME IN EACH COMPOENT VOLTAGE IS ALWAYS OUT OF PHASE IN EACH COMPOENT.

5. ANOTHER WAY TO REPRESENT COMPLEX WAVEFORMS IS BY THE USE OF VECTORS

6. SERIES RCL CIRCUITS 1. CURRENT IN RCL CIRCUITS. CURRENT FLOW IN ALL PARTS OF THIS CIRCUIT ARE THE SAME AND IN PHASE. 2. VOLTAGE IN RCL CIRCUITS FOR INDUCTORS: VOLTAGE LEADS CURRENT FOR CAPACITORS: CURRENT LEADS VOLTAGE

7. THESE V/I PHASE DIAGRAMS ARE DIFFICULT TO FOLLOW, LETS LOOK AT THIS IN ANOTHER LIGHT. THINK IN TERMS OF VECTORS OR PHASORS.

8. FIND V T, SINCE NONE OF THE VOLTAGES ARE IN PHASE. MUST BE ADDED AS VECTORS. USE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM TO FIND THE INPEDANCE Z OF THIS CIRCUIT

9. MUST USE PHASORS TO FINE V T FOR THIS SERIES CIRCUIT

11. PARALLEL RCL CIRCUITS VOLTAGE ACROSS ANY PARALLEL CIRCUIT ELEMENT WILL BE THE SAME AND IN PHASE. SO;

13. TO FIND THE TOTAL IMPEDANCE FOR THIS CIRCUIT USING OHM’S LAW FIND I T, AGAIN SINCE I R,I L, I C ARE ALL OUT OF PHASE MUST USE VECTORS TO FIND A SOLUTION. CAPACITIVE CURRENT RESISTIVE CURRENT INDUCTIVE CURRENT COMBINED INDUCTIVE AND CAPACITIVE CURRENT

14. FOR A CIRCUIT WITH CAPACITANCE FOR A CIRCUIT WITH INDUCTANCE

15. RESONANCE P.347 RESONANT OCCURS WHEN CAN OCCUR IN SERIES OR PARALLEL CIRCUITS WITH RCL OR LC COMPOENTS. FOR ANY VALVE OF L AND C THERE IS ONLY ONE FREQUENCY WHERE, THIS IS CALLED THE RESONANT FREQUENCY: DO EX. 13-11 p.348

16. PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS P.348 SERIES RESONANT CIRCUITS F.13-26 AT RESONANT

17. For resonance to occur in any circuit it must have at least one inductor and one capacitor. Resonance is the result of oscillations in a circuit as stored energy is passed from the inductor to the capacitor. Resonance occurs when X L = X C At resonance the impedance of the circuit is equal to the resistance value as Z = R. At low frequencies the circuit is capacitive as X C > X L. At low frequencies the circuit is inductive as XL > XC. The high value of current at resonance produces very high values of voltage across the inductor and capacitor. Series resonance circuits are useful for constructing highly frequency selective filters. However, its high current and very high component voltage values can cause damage to the circuit.

18. Resonant Circuits Resonance occurs when X L equals X C. There is only one resonant frequency for each LC combination. However, an infinite number of LC combinations have the same f r. Reactance frfr Frequency XL2XL2 XL1XL1 XC3XC3 XC1XC1 XC2XC2 XL3XL3

19. PARALLEL RESONANT TANK CIRCUIT THIS CIRCUIT WOULD PRODUCE A SINE WAVE FOREVER IF L AND C WERE IDEAL COMPOENTS. WITH REAL WORLD L AND C THE WAVEFORM WILL DAMP OUT WITH TIME. YOU MUST FEED ENERGY INTO THE TANK CIRCUIT TO KEEP THE SINE WAVE PROPOGATING.

20. Bandwidth, (BW) is the range of frequencies over which at least half of the maximum power and current is provided BANDWIDTH : RANGE OF f OF A CIRCUIT WHICH PROVIDES 70.7% OR MORE OF THE MAX. RESPONSE.

21. RESPONSE CURVE FOR LC CIRCUIT ARE PLOTS OF EITHER VOLTAGE, CURRENT OR INPEDANCE vs. FREQUENCY ABOVE AND BELOW RESONANCE SERIES LC CIRCUIT The selectivity of a circuit is dependent upon the amount of resistance in the circuit. The variations on a series resonant circuit are drawn below. The smaller the resistance, the higher the "Q" for given values of L and C. The parallel resonant circuit is more commonly used in electronics, but the algebra necessary to characterize the resonance is much more involved.

22. Series Resonance The resonance of a series RLC circuit occurs when the inductive and capacitive reactance are equal in magnitude but cancel each other because they are 180 degrees apart in phase. The sharp minimum in impedance which occurs is useful in tuning applications. The sharpness of the minimum depends on the value of R and is characterized by the "Q" of the circuit.

24. An example of the application of resonant circuits is the selection of AM radio stations by the radio receiver. The selectivity of the tuning must be high enough to discriminate strongly against stations above and below in carrier frequency.

25. FILTERS: USE RC, RL, LC, AND RCL CIRCUITS TO FILTER ONE GROUP OF FREQUENCIES FROM ANOTHER GROUP OF FREQUENCIES. 4 CLASSES OF FILTERS 1.LOW PASS 2.HIGH PASS 3.BAND PASS 4.BAND-REJECT 0R BAND STOP, YOU TUBE: Passive RC low pass filters YOU TUBE: Passive RC high pass filters http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBM5T5_kgdI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CcIFycCnxU

26. LOW PASS FILTER

27. THE HIGH PASS FILTER

28. BAND PASS FILTER