1. ‘Pay-it-forward’ network from survivors to rescuers –a case study after 3.11 Tohoku Earthquake– Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Japan Hiroaki DAIMON

2. March 11 th, 2011 The Great East Japan Earthquake (Tohoku Earthquake) Japan Meteorological Agency Asahi Shimbun (newspaper)

3. March 11 th, 2015 Kahoku Shinpo

4. I do not say such a thing… We can do nothing but live in a positive. We lost ‘material’ things although we got ‘immaterial’ things after disaster; of course, what we lost is much more than what we got. A woman in Kesennuma city, Miyagi Prefecture, November 11 th, 2014

5. What is the ‘Fruitful’ recovery? It’s important to recover the town as well as people living in the disaster. The woman in Niigata(disaster area in 2007) Mainichi Newspapers

6. Outline ‘Pay-it-Forward’ Network (Atsumi, 2014) the debt: survivors think they want to not only be helped by others but also help others When we are able to support survivors of future disasters, it is the time of our recovery. Community leader, Minami-Sanriku Town, Miyagi Prefecture, after the 2011 tsunami

7. ① ② Kobe city In 1995 Kobe Shimbun Kobe Earthquake Total Death: 6,434 Total Damage: $100 bilion Ojiya city, Niigata In 2004 Mainichi newspapers Chuetsu Earthquake Total Death: 68 Total Damage: $30 bilion Noda village, Iwate In 2011 Asahi Shimbun Company Tohoku Earthquake Total Death: Total Damage: $122 bilion

8. ‘Pay-it-Forward’ Network(PFN) A kind of the reciprocity (evolutionary biology) a. Direct Reciprocity b. Indirect Reciprocity e.g.) zakat(Islam), 喜捨 Xishe(Buddhism), volunteer PFN Revised figure from Nowak & Sigmund(2005)

9. ‘Pay-it-Forward’ Network A B C Next disaster A helps B B helps C?

10. What can survivors only do? We, survivors, are open each other soon, because we already shared the process of restore and recovery The woman in Niigata(disaster area in 2007), 2014 during exchange meeting between survivors

11. ‘Survivors’ make a chain for next disaster I cannot go to the disaster area, however what I can do is writing a letter to survivor. A girl in Kobe, 2011 after Tohoku Earthquake Source: ‘20th years after Kobe earthquake’ (Hanshin-Awaji Daishinsai Watashitachi no Nijunenme)

12. The rate of helping behavior after Tohoku Earthquake, 2011 Relatively low

13. In the Near future, next disaster will trigger the PFN at the disaster area? Disaster experiences Being helped experiences helping other as volunteer No significance Disaster Tohoku Earthquake in 2011 Disaster

14. In the Near future, PFN will lead to the new disaster area? Distance vs Income(cost) Near area: NO significance Far area: Low volunteer rate

15. Three problems 1. Experience of being helped 2. In the rural area: bad access area 3. Volunteer rate is relatively low

16. ‘Pay-it-Forward’ Network A B C Next disaster A helps B B helps C Problems 1. Experience of being helped 2. In the rural area: bad access area 3. Volunteer rate is relatively low Few examples in 2011

17. Thank you for your attention