1. Perception The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

2. Perception is reality!?

13. Gestalt Psychology Gestalt means “an organized whole” These psychologists emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

14. Gestalt Philosophy The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

15. Figure-Ground Relationship The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

16. Grouping The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into groups that we understand

19. Human Examples of Grouping

20. Depth Perception The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional. Allows us to judge distance.

21. Visual Cliff Eleanor Gibson

23. How do we create depth perception? Binocular Cues: depth cues that depend on two eyes Monocular Cues: depth cues that depend on one eye

24. Binocular Cues—two eyes! Retinal Disparity: a binocular cue for seeing depth. The closer an object comes to you the greater the disparity is between the two images. Convergence—Another binocular cue for depth. Definition? Pen together two eyes- try with one http://faculty.washingto n.edu/chudler/chvision.html http://faculty.washingto n.edu/chudler/chvision.html

25. Monocular Cues—One Eye! Interposition: if something is blocking our view, we perceive it as closer. Relative Size: if we know that two objects are similar in size, the one that looks smaller is farther away. Relative Clarity: we assume hazy objects are farther away.

26. More Monocular Cues Texture Gradient: the coarser it looks the closer it is. Relative Height: things higher in our field of vision, they look farther away Relative Motion: things that are closer appear to move more quickly. Linear Perspective: Parallel lines seem to converge with distance. Light and Shadow: Dimmer objects appear farther away because they reflect less light.

27. Claude Monet

28. Perceptual Constancy Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images changes.

29. Perceptual Set and Expectancy MAC DONALD MAC HENRY MAC MAHON MACHINERY

30. Perceptual Set and Expectancy Time flies I can’t they’re too fast. Time flies. I can’t. They’re too fast. CHO PHO USE

31. Perceptual Set and Expectancy FOLK CROAK SOAK  SHOP

32. Perceptual Set and Expectancy Perceptual rules are mostly universal—we perceive things in many of the same ways. However there are some cultural variations in human perception. http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/sze_muelue /index.htmlhttp://www.michaelbach.de/ot/sze_muelue /index.html

33. Some cultural differences

34. Perceptual Set and Expectancy http://www.baddesigns.com/examples.html

35. Perceptual Set and Expectancy Get into a small group. Pick a product that is not designed well. Work like a human factors psychologist and improve the product by incorporating in our natural human tendencies and expectancies. Share with the class.