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Bellwork 1: 1-8-2014 Briefly write about a real scientific observation you made over the break. I will only call on 3 of you to share.

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Presentation on theme: "Bellwork 1: 1-8-2014 Briefly write about a real scientific observation you made over the break. I will only call on 3 of you to share."— Presentation transcript:

1 Bellwork 1: 1-8-2014 Briefly write about a real scientific observation you made over the break. I will only call on 3 of you to share

2 Vertebrates Chapter 3

3 Vertebrates There are more than 50,000 species of vertebrates in this world. A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone that supports and protects the spinal cord.

4 Vertebrates All Have All vertebrates have: Backbones, brains, craniums (skulls), closed circulatory systems with veins, arteries, and capillaries, continuously beating heart to keep blood flowing

5 Vertebrates 2 Groups Vertebrates can be divided into two groups: Ectotherms & Endotherms Ectotherms are animals that use the environment to regulate their body temperatures. They generally bask in the sun or bury themselves for heat or cooling Reptiles, fish, and amphibians are all ectotherms

6 Ectotherms

7 Endotherm Endotherms are organisms that internally regulate their body temperatures. Their internal temperature remains generally the same whether they are in hot or cold environments Birds and mammals are examples of endotherms.

8 Endotherms

9 Vertebrates Vertebrates’ tissues are made mostly of salty water This tissue freezes/dies at 31.1’ F Most vertebrates live in areas with temperature ranges from 32’-122’F Some have adapted to harsher environments

10 Adaptations Polar bears have thick layers of fat to insulate them from the cold Some fish have chemicals in their blood that act like antifreeze to allow them to live in cold arctic water

11 Review 1. What do vertebrates have in common? Backbones, brains, craniums (skulls), closed circulatory systems with veins, arteries, and capillaries, continuously beating heart to keep blood flowing 2. What are the two general groups of vertebrates? Ectotherms, endotherms

12 Review 3. What distinguishes these two groups? Their ability, or lack there of, to regulate their internal temperature 4. In general, what animals are part of each group? Ectotherms: reptiles, fish, amphibians Endotherms: birds, mammals

13 Ectotherms Ectotherms’ body temperature and body functions are regulated by the outside temperature Not cold-blooded: ectotherms are not called cold-blooded anymore because some actually have a higher internal temperature than endotherms

14 Air vs. Water temp Because air temperatures change more than water temperatures, land ectotherms vary more than water ectotherms Due to this variance, land ectotherms seek sun or shade to help regulate these changes

15 Ectotherms Regulation Many ectotherms hide from predators at night because they are sluggish from lack of heat energy Others prey at night (mostly in hot climates) and stay out of extreme temperatures during the day

16 Ectotherm Regulation Ectotherms can also change color to help regulate their body temperatures. Darker colors absorb heat while lighter colors reflect heat.

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18 Review 1.What is the distinguishing feature of ectohterms? They regulate their internal temperature using the sun’s energy 2. Why is cold-blooded a confusing term to describe ectotherms? Many ectotherms have warmer internal temperatures that endotherms.

19 Review 3. Which organisms have an easier time regulating their body temperatures, ectotherms that live on land or water? Why? Those that live in water Because water temperature is not as volatile as air temperature.

20 Review 4. What are some ways that ectotherms regulate their body temperatures? Basking, burying, changing color

21 Reptiles Over 7000 species of reptiles The study of reptiles and amphibians is herpetology Herpo in Greek is “to creep or crawl” All reptiles have lungs and scaly skin

22 Reptiles Most reptiles shed their entire skin at once rather than one cell at a time like us!

23 Reptiles Scales protect the skin underneath from drying out Retiles have bone skeletons and most have teeth Their teeth range from blunt crushing teeth to thin needle-like fangs

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25 Reptiles Many reptiles have a muscular, flexible, sticky tongue for catching insects.

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28 Reptiles Reptiles generally have well developed organs. (snakes are deaf and some lizards don’t have eyes) Crocodiles and alligators have very advanced organ systems that have allowed them to thrive for millions of years.

29 Reptiles All reptiles reproduce through internal fertilization Some lay leathery eggs and the young are hatched Others store their eggs inside their bodies and the young are born live

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31 Live birth

32 Reptiles Young reptiles look like miniature adults Most reptile mothers do not take care of their young

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34 Common Reptile Groups 1. Turtles 2. Lizards 3. Snakes 4. Alligators and Crocodiles

35 Turtles Turtles’ bodies are protected by a shell formed of plates of bone Some shells can support a weight 200 X their own!

36 Turtles

37 Turtles are toothless, but have a beaklike structure to eat plants and animals

38 Bellwork Make a hypothesis about why you think crocodiles have survived for so long. Get out a sheet of paper to take notes during the film.

39 Crocodiles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsHHSCafGrk During the film, write down at least three functions of the crocodile that have helped it to survive for so long. I will call on you randomly to share what you have written;-)

40 Fish Most have smooth, streamlines, scale covered bodies Most have fins All have gill slits for breathing underwater Water passes through the gills, oxygen is absorbed by the blood vessels there, and carbon dioxide is released back into the water

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42 Fish Most fish have a well developed nervous system to sense their environment Most can see in color, can smell and taste

43 Fish Sharks can detect small amounts of blood in huge amounts of water to help find wounded animals Most fish don’t hear well, but can sense vibrations in the water

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45 Fish Most fish are either male or female Some, however are born as one sex and develop into the opposite sex

46 Fish Most fish reproduce through external fertilization: The female releases jelly coated eggs into the water and the male fertilizes them with sperm A few species of fish reproduce through internal fertilization and have live birth

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48 Fish As a group, fish eat almost everything in the water They use very different hunting techniques Swordfish slash through a group of fish and return to eat the carcasses Angler fish dangle wormlike lures to tempt their prey The archer fish can spit out of water to catch insects! Many others hide and launch sneak attacks

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50 Fish Fish species can be divided into the following groups: Jawless Fish Sharks Skates Rays Bony Fish

51 Jawless fish About 60 species of jawless fish They have round mouths like suction cups Their skeletons are made of cartilage They don’t have scales Lampreys and hagfish are two examples

52 Jawless Fish Hagfish live on the ocean floor and eat dead/decaying carcasses Lampreys have about 125 teeth they use to drill holes into the scales of fish, attach themselves to the fish, and suck their blood and bodily fluids

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54 Sharks Skates and Rays The fish in these groups all have skeletons made of cartilage They all have small pointed structures called dentilces, which make the skin coarse, like sandpaper

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56 Rays and Skates Rays and Skates have flat bodies with a wing like pectoral fin and a long, spike like tail The largest ray is the manta ray

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58 Sharks There are about 350 species of sharks Most actively hunt large prey Whale shark is the largest shark, and fish in the world

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61 Shark Finning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mO7hvOtYnck What problem is facing sharks today? How is this affecting our oceans?

62 Bony fish Over 23750 known species From 1 cm (the goby) to 11 feet (sun fish) Most have 2 eyes without lids, Two nostrils for smelling, not breathing Tongues for touching, not tasting Swim bladders (balloon-like organs they can fill or empty of gases to allow them to rise or sink in the water

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64 Salmon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DqjsWsY8-g Describe the life cycle of the salmon.


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