1. Chapter 2 Matter and Change 2.1 Properties of Matter 2.2 Mixtures
2.3 Elements and Compounds
2.4 Chemical Reactions
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2. Why are windows made of glass?
CHEMISTRY & YOU
Why are windows made of glass?
In this lesson, you will learn how properties can be used to classify and identify matter.
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3. Describing Matter
Describing Matter
Why do all samples of a substance have the same properties?
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4. Describing Matter
What you observe when you look at a particular sample of matter is its properties.
Is a solid shiny or dull?
Does a liquid flow quickly or slowly?
Is a gas odorless, or does it have a smell?
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5. Matter is any thing that has mass and takes up space. (even air!) DEMO
Describing Matter
What is Matter?
Matter is any thing that has mass and takes up space. (even air!) DEMO
How can matter be described?
Matter can be described by properties.
What are Properties?
Distinguishing qualities or attributes of a sample of matter
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6. Describing Matter
A Property Example
The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter the object contains.
The mass of a basketball is greater than the mass of a golf ball.
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7. Another Property Example
Describing Matter
Another Property Example
The volume of an object is a measure of the space occupied by the object.
The volume of a basketball is greater than the volume of a golf ball.
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8. What about what the substance’s “insides”?
Describing Matter
What about what the substance’s “insides”?
For example, leather balls are suitable for indoor play but not outdoor play.
Leather balls absorb water and dirt more than rubber balls do.
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9. More examples of properties
Describing Matter
More examples of properties
Absorbency
Conductivity
Malleability
Color
Odor
State of Matter
Reactivity
Flammability
Toxicity
Oxidizing
Radioactivity
Combustibility
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10. Two different types of properties
Describing Matter
Two different types of properties
A physical property is a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition.
A chemical property is a quality or condition that gives matter the ability to undergo a change that alters its composition
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11. More examples of properties
Describing Matter
More examples of properties
Physical properties
Chemical properties
Absorbency
Conductivity
Malleability
Color
Odor
State of Matter
Reactivity
Flammability
Toxicity
Oxidizing
Radioactivity
Combustibility
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12. Identifying a Substance
Describing Matter
Identifying a Substance
Every sample of a given substance has identical properties because every sample has the same composition.
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13. CHEMISTRY & YOU
Glass is often used to make windows, while copper is often used in electrical wires. What properties of glass make it a desirable material to use for windows?
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14. CHEMISTRY & YOU
Glass is often used to make windows, while copper is often used in electrical wires. What properties of glass make it a desirable material to use for windows?
Glass is transparent, so it can be seen through; hard, so it stays in place within window frames; and heat resistant, so it helps prevent the transfer of heat between outside and inside.
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15. List at least 5 different properties and label as Physical or Chemical
You want to compile a list of properties of any substance, what could you observe or measure?
List at least 5 different properties and label as Physical or Chemical
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16. Three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
What are three states of matter?
Three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
Kinetic Art- Pearson
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17. A substance is in a state in which it takes the shape of its container
A substance is in a state in which it takes the shape of its container. What state or states could it be in?
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18. A substance is in a state in which it takes the shape of its container
A substance is in a state in which it takes the shape of its container. What state or states could it be in?
The substance could be either a liquid or a gas, as each takes the shape of its container.
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19. Identifying a Substance
Describing Matter
Identifying a Substance
Physical properties can help chemists identify substances.
For example, a colorless substance that was found to boil at 100˚C and melt at 0˚C would likely be water.
A colorless substance that boiled at 78˚C and melted at –117˚C would definitely not be water. It would likely be ethanol.
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20. Physical Properties of Some Substances
Interpret Data
This table lists physical properties for some substances.
Physical Properties of Some Substances
Substance
State
Color
Melting point (°C)
Boiling point (°C)
Neon
Gas
Colorless
–249
–246
Oxygen
–218
–183
Chlorine
Greenish-yellow
–101
–34
Ethanol
Liquid
–117 78
Mercury
Silvery-white
–39
357
Bromine
Reddish-brown –7 59
Water
100
Sulfur
Solid
Yellow
115
445
Sodium chloride
White
801
1413
Gold
1064
2856
Copper
Reddish-yellow
1084
2562
The states of the substances are given at room temperature.
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21. What happened to the match?
CHEMISTRY & YOU
What happened to the match?
In this lesson, you will learn to recognize whether the burning match is a chemical change or physical change.
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22. What do you think is the difference?
Changes
When a change occurs to a substance, it can be either a Physical Change or a Chemical Change.
What do you think is the difference?
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23. Physical Changes
The melting point of gallium metal is 30˚C. The figure at left shows how the heat from a person’s hand can melt a sample of gallium.
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24. Physical Changes
The shape of the sample changes during melting as the liquid begins to flow, but the composition of the sample does not change.
Melting is a physical change.
During a physical change, some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change.
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25. So are words such as break, split, grind, cut, and crush.
Physical Changes
Words such as boil, freeze, melt, and condense are used to describe physical changes.
So are words such as break, split, grind, cut, and crush.
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26. Chemical Changes
Words such as burn, rot, rust, decompose, ferment, explode, and corrode usually signify a chemical change.
The ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change is called a chemical property.
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27. What always happens during a chemical change?
Chemical Changes
Chemical Changes
What always happens during a chemical change?
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28. Iron is able to combine with oxygen to form rust.
Chemical Changes
Iron is able to combine with oxygen to form rust.
The ability to rust is a chemical property of iron.
Chemical properties can be used to identify a substance.
Chemical properties can be observed only when a substance undergoes a chemical change.
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29. During a chemical change, the composition of matter always changes.
Chemical Changes
During a chemical change, the composition of matter always changes.
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30. Examples of Changes Physical Change Chemical Change Comparing Changes
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31. Classifying a Substance… (grouping it)
Describing Matter
Classifying a Substance… (grouping it)
Matter that has a uniform and definite composition, with only one set of properties, is called a pure substance.
Aluminum and copper are examples of pure substances.
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32. Classifying a Substance… (grouping it)
Describing Matter
Classifying a Substance… (grouping it)
Pure substances can either be an Element or a Compound.
Aluminum, Al, and Copper, Cu, are examples of elements.
Water, H2O, and Salt, NaCl, are
examples of compounds.
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33. Classifying a Substance… (grouping it)
Describing Matter
Classifying a Substance… (grouping it)
Elements can be classified as Metals, Metalloids, or Nonmetals.
Copper is an example of a metal.
Aluminum is an example of a metalloid
Sulfur is an example of a nonmetal
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34. Classifying a Substance… (grouping it)
Describing Matter
Classifying a Substance… (grouping it)
Compounds can be classified as Organic or Inorganic.
Sugar, C12H22O11, is an example of an organic compound.
Water, H2O, and Salt, NaCl, are
examples of inorganic compounds.
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35. Classifying a Substance… (grouping it)
Describing Matter
Classifying a Substance… (grouping it)
Inorganic compounds can be classified as Acid, Base, or Salt
H3PO4 is an example of an acid compound.
NaOH is an example of a base compound.
CuSO4 is an example of salt compound.
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36. Classification of Matter
PURE
ELEMENT
COMPOUND
NONMETAL
METALLOID
METAL
ORGANIC
INORGANIC
SALT
BASE
ACID
Classification of Matter
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37. Classifying a Substance… (grouping it)
Describing Matter
Classifying a Substance… (grouping it)
Matter that contains a physical blend of two or more components, each containing their original properties, is called a mixture
Trail mix is an example
of a mixture.
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38. How can mixtures be classified?
Classifying Mixtures
Describing Matter
How can mixtures be classified?
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39. Heterogeneous Mixtures
Describing Matter
Heterogeneous Mixtures
In chicken noodle soup, the ingredients in the soup are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture.
There is likely to be different amounts of chicken and noodles in each spoonful.
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40. Heterogeneous Mixtures
Describing Matter
Heterogeneous Mixtures
A mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout is a heterogeneous mixture.
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41. Describing Matter
Homogeneous Mixtures
The substances in the olive oil are evenly distributed throughout the mixture.
So, olive oil doesn’t look like a mixture.
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42. Olive oil and vinegar are both homogeneous mixtures.
Describing Matter
Homogeneous Mixtures
Olive oil and vinegar are both homogeneous mixtures.
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout.
Another name for a homogeneous mixture is a solution.
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43. At the beach, you realize that both ocean water and sand are mixtures
At the beach, you realize that both ocean water and sand are mixtures. Which is a homogeneous mixture (or solution)? Which is a heterogeneous mixture?
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44. At the beach, you realize that both ocean water and sand are mixtures
At the beach, you realize that both ocean water and sand are mixtures. Which is a homogeneous mixture (or solution)? Which is a heterogeneous mixture?
Salt water is a homogeneous mixture, or solution. Sand is a heterogeneous mixture.
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45. Describing Matter
Based on the distribution of their components, mixtures can be classified as heterogeneous mixtures or homogeneous mixtures.
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46. Classification of Matter
MIXTURE
PURE
ELEMENT
COMPOUND
HETEROGENEOUS
HOMOGENEOUS
NONMETAL
METALLOID
METAL
ORGANIC
INORGANIC
SALT
BASE
ACID
Classification of Matter
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47. How can mixtures be separated?
Separating Mixtures
Separating Mixtures
How can mixtures be separated?
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48. Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures.
Separating Mixtures
Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures.
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49. Separating Mixtures
Filtration
The coffee filter at right can separate ground coffee beans from brewed coffee.
The liquid brewed coffee passes through the paper filter, but the solid coffee grounds cannot pass through the filter.
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50. Filter paper used in a laboratory is similar to coffee filters.
Separating Mixtures
Filtration
Filter paper used in a laboratory is similar to coffee filters.
Filter paper is often placed in a funnel.
Then the mixture is poured into the funnel.
Solid particles that cannot pass through the filter remain in the funnel.
The rest of the particles pass through.
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51. Separating Mixtures
Distillation
Tap water is a homogeneous mixture of water and substances that are dissolved in the water.
One way to separate water from the other components in tap water is through a process called distillation.
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52. Separating Mixtures
Distillation
During a distillation, a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid.
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53. Distillation Separating Mixtures
The figure below shows an apparatus used to perform a small-scale distillation.
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54. Separating a Heterogeneous Mixture
Sample Problem 2.1
Separating a Heterogeneous Mixture
How could a mixture of aluminum nails and iron nails be separated?
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55. Analyze Identify the relevant concepts.
Sample Problem 2.1
Analyze Identify the relevant concepts. 1
In order to identify how to separate aluminum and iron nails, the properties of both aluminum and iron must be known.
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56. Solve Apply concepts to this situation.
Sample Problem 2.1
Solve Apply concepts to this situation. 2
List the properties of each substance in the mixture.
Aluminum
metal
gray color
doesn’t dissolve in water
not attracted to magnet
Iron
metal
gray color
doesn’t dissolve in water
attracted to magnet
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57. Solve Apply concepts to this situation.
Sample Problem 2.1
Solve Apply concepts to this situation. 2
Identify a property that can be used to separate different substances from each other.
The ability to be attracted by a magnet is a property that iron and aluminum do not share.
You could use a magnet to remove the iron nails from a mixture of iron and aluminum.
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58. Chemistry as the Central Science
BIG IDEA
Chemistry as the Central Science
Physical properties, such as melting point and boiling point, are used to describe all matter.
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