1. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 1 L 2 C Learning to Collaborate ACDT Knowledge Harvesting and State of the Art Report (WP 1) Alexander Fliaster, UAFM

2. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 2 Overview Contributing Partners CodeContributing InstitutionContributing personsContribution to Chapters FVA Susanna Albertini Louis Ferrini 9, 10 IFFIAT – IsvorRuggero Cesaria8, 10 INSEADINSEAD – Centre for Advanced Learning TechnologiesMartina Ambrosio Albert Angehrn Alicia Cheak Pradeep Mittal 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 OFAIAustrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Vienna Juan Martínez Sabine Payr Paolo Petta Stefan Rank 6, 8, 9, 10 OUOPEN UniversitySiv Vangen Nik Winchester 7, 10 SCILSt. Gallen UniversityTaiga Brahm Denise DaRin Dieter Euler 8, 9, 10 SUStrathclyde UniversityPam Hearne Chris Huxham 7, 10 UAFMUniversity of Armed Forces, MunichPetra Eggenhofer Alexander Fliaster Rainer Marr Florian Schloderer 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 UCUniCreditTiziana Bernardi Giacomo Gueli Carla Franca Mainoldi 8, 10 USCSUniversità Cattolica, MilanoChiara Frigerio Federico Rajola 4, 10 ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

3. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 3 Overview The Challenge of Passing Collaboration Frontiers Source: Angehrn, 2006 (->Dissemination Activities) ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

4. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 4 Overview General Description of Workpackage 1 according to DOW Objectives: This WP will produce a comprehensive, integrated collection of cognitive, psychological and organizational models and insights emerging from practical experiences to be integrated in the ACD framework and simulation games. Deliverables: D1.1 ACDT Knowledge Harvesting and State-of-the-Art Report Measurable Outcomes: This WP activated all the partners in the structured identification of relevant know- how (from a theoretical, practice-related, educational and technological perspective) ready to be: inserted/published in the Knowledge Management Tools (basis for WP2) used as a basis for selecting the collaboration scenarios and dynamics underlying ACDT Simulation Games (basis for WP3) ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

5. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 5 Overview Structure of the Deliverable 1.1 ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

6. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 6 Chapter 2 Research Framework for Collaboration Dynamics and Management Motivational and Cultural Dynamics Knowledge Integration Dynamics Distributed Work/Team Dynamics Individual Level Group Level Organi- zational Level Inter-Org. Level Collabor- ation Patterns in Practice Simulation & Agent Techno- logies Effective Learning Approaches ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

7. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 7 Chapter 4 The People Dimension: Collaboration-related Motivational and Cultural Dynamics (WP1.2) ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

8. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 8 Chapter 4 Multilevel Framework for the Analysis Social Behavior Models (individualistic vs. collectivistic) Group Behavioral Models (participating, goal-oriented, challenging) Individual Behavioral Models (collaborative, cooperative, competitive, adversarial) Positive and Negative Effects on Collaboration Performance ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

9. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 9 Chapter 4 Motivational & Cultural Affect on the Performance of Collaboration ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

10. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 10 Chapter 4 Conflicts and Collaboration-related Consequences ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

11. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 11 Chapter 4 Key insights and Implications for Other Work Packages For the purpose of L2C, the chapter provides especially: A framework for categorizing motivational and cultural determinants (divided by level of analysis) and building scenarios. A set of negative determinants for Collaborative Performance representing a list of the breakdowns related to each determinant, in particular a list of “faulty” forms of behavior or challenging situations that can lead to critical breakdowns. ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

12. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 12 Chapter 5: The Knowledge Dimension: Collaboration-related Knowledge Integration Dynamics (WP1.3) ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

13. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 13 Initiation Planning Execution Termination Key Project phases Connective enabler social skills & personality Cognitive enabler Knowledge resources, cognitive skills and styles Social capital structural positions, resources & ties Key Enablers & Breakdowns Chapter 5 Knowledge Processes in Collaborative Projects & Collaboration Skills Problem definition, knowledge inventory, trial of problem solving Search for knowledge and people who possess this knowledge Approach documents and contacting people Translation and collaborative transfer of knowledge from outside Knowledge sharing among members of group Creation of new knowledge through fusion and modification Evaluation, verification and knowledge selling (persuasion) Application of knowledge Supporting knowledge-related activities (ambassadoring etc.) Key Knowledge Processes ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

14. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 14 Cardiac surgery at the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Ferrari Pit Stop Source: Fliaster & Eggenhofer, paper accepted for EURAM 2007, Track “Managing and Learning to Collaborate" (Example of Dissemination Activities) Chapter 5 Knowledge Fusion Across Industrial and Organizational Borders ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

15. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 15 Chapter 5 Connective Enabler: Selected Connective Skills Social perceptiveness Perceiving others‘ intentions and feelings Stress tolerance Dealing effectively with critical situations Trustworthiness Being adept, reliable and upright Communication: Being a „receiver“ Interpreting messages correctly, giving adequate feedback Communication: Being a „sender“ Being consciously explicit and unambiguous Conflict management, negotiation Making consensus emerge from divergence Link to the Chapters on Culture & Motivation and on Technologies ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

16. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 16 A multi-phase model of the project life-cycle and the best practices of effective and efficient project management have been identified. A comprehensive general framework, which includes several knowledge processes and the links between them, especially in connection with projects, has been developed. Success factors and breakdowns of collaborative knowledge processes have been analyzed, in particular: –Cognitive skills and connective (social) skills as enablers of knowledge-related collaboration have been discussed in depth, and –Formal and informal ties and networks (structural complement to the skills and the motivation) have been illuminated. Chapter 5 Key insights and Implications for Other Work Packages ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

17. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 17 Chapter 6: State of the Art in Collaboration-related Technology- enhanced Workgroup Dynamics (WP1.4) ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

18. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 18  Individual factors (technology experience, proficiency level etc.)  Group-related factors (diversity, stage of group development etc.)  Organization-related factors (norms, technology investment, training etc.)  Task-related factors (complexity, interdependency etc.)  Technology-related factors (richness, social presence etc.) Links to the Chapters on Motivation, Culture, Knowledge Integration, Skills and Inter-Organizational Collaboration Chapter 6 Key Dimensions of Analysis ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

19. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 19  At the individual level VariableValues Prior technology experience (habit)High- low integration into existing work practices Proficiency levelHigh-low AttitudesPositive-negative Motivational towards using technologyPositive- negative (Technology as opportunity vs threat) Capacity for addressing technological ambiguity High, low  At the technology level VariableValues Features/ functionCommunication, collaboration, coordination RichnessHigh – low PresenceHigh social presence- low social presence AccessibilityEasy- difficult Value, relevanceHigh – low Chapter 6 Selected Key Factors of Technology-enhanced Workgoup Dynamics ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

20. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 20 Chapter 6 Key insights and Implications for Other Work Packages A number of collaboration dynamics have been identified (e.g., development of trust, distribution of power, group participation and involvement, accountability and conflict management). Key preconditions for technology adoptions have been illuminated (such as the allocation of resources, motivational levels, whether the technology is tied to existing practices, value generated by the use of a technology, ongoing support and leadership). Collaboration breakdowns as "facilitators of learning and rethinking" have been discussed. New ways in which virtual groups and communities interact have been emphasized (such as greater self-organization, increased participation, emerging structures, harnessing collective intelligence, and richer user experiences). Three scenarios for the L2C simulations have been generated. ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

21. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 21 Chapter 7 The Practice Dimension: Collaboration Management Competencies – Best and Worst Practice Cases (WP1.5) ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

22. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 22 Chapter 7 Collaboration Viewed from the Inter-Organizational Perspective Theory of Collaborative Advantage and Its Further Development for the L2C Project Collaboration Drivers Typologies of Collaboration Main Characteristics of Collaborations Practical Examples Drawn from the Theory of Collaborative Advantage New Case Studies Developed in the L2C Project Implications for the L2C Simulation ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

23. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 23 Chapter 7 Core Issues in Collaboration Research & Practice and the L2C Project (Following Huxham & Vangen) ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

24. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 24 Chapter 7 Case Studies Conducted within the L2C Project (WP1) 1.Initiation of a Collaboration (Fiat) 2.High Performance Collaboration (Ferrari) 3.Cross-Cultural Collaboration (UniCredit) 4.The Public Sector Partnership: Success in Imposed Collaboration Detailed Recommendations for the L2C Simulations with regard to the Six Core Issues in the Inter-Organizational Collaboration ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

25. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 25 Chapter 7 Example of Key insights and Implications for Other Work Packages Trust Theme and IssuesImplication for L2C simulation (e.g., World Team) Trust is a precondition for successful collaboration Members have different levels of trust and propensity for risk taking with other members Risk taking to initiate the collaborationDifferent partners have different levels of risk taking Expectations about the future of the collaboration based on reputation or past behaviour or contracts and agreements Varying expectations of other members Reinforcing trusting attitudes Partners demonstrate mistrust i.e. by withholding information which could lead to other partners trust levels decreasing and at an extreme withdrawal of a partner ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

26. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 26 Chapter 8 Learning Solutions addressing Advanced Collaboration Dynamics (WP 1.6) ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

27. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 27 Chapter 8 Determining Key Pedagogical & Learning Objectives Content analysis of existing programs at other universities and questionnaire for partners Analysis of existing learning solutions (face-to-face, simulations etc.) in the field of collaborative dynamics Systematization through existing Management Competency Models ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

28. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 28 Chapter 8 Key Learning Solutions Addressing Collaboration Dynamics Face-to-face seminars or trainings Discussions (especially within seminars) Case studies Simulations including computer-based simulations Role plays Games Project work respectively problem-based learning Action learning ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

29. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 29 Chapter 8 Competence Areas Connected to Collaboration Dynamics Collaboration Dynamics Interaction of individual and group Dynamic aspects of the group Communication Work-related aspects of the group Structure and process of the collaboration Links to the Chapters on Culture, Skills, Knowledge Integration and ICT ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

30. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 30 Chapter 8 Tuckman's Model, Pedagogical Objectives and Selected Learning Sol. ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

31. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 31 Chapter 9 Advanced Simulation & Agents Technologies (WP1.7) ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

32. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 32 An outline of the process of simulation game production and how it applies to L2C (-> Link to the Analysis of Best Practices of Project Management in Chapter 5) Chapter 9 Main Outputs and Implications for Other Work Packages (1) ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

33. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 33 A set of functional and non-functional criteria L2C simulation games need to meet (e.g., possibilities for player intervention, extensibility etc.) An analysis of a large number of games and applications suited to provide inspirations for the L2C project (market research & learning) A selection of open source and commercial off-the-shelf toolkits and ready-made components that are useful for the game production purposes of L2C (e.g., Java View, Gamebryo etc.) Recommendations for decisions to be taken in the development of the prototypes within the L2C project (with regard to simulation characters, actions, behavioral dynamics, networks etc.) ->Links to the Motivational (Chapter 4), Structural (Chapter 5) and Technological (Chapter 6) Enablers of Collaboration as well as to the Pedagogical Objectives of L2C simulations (Chapter 8, ) Chapter 9 Main Outputs and Implications for Other Work Packages (2) ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

34. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 34 Conclusion L2C Work Package 1: The Integration Framework and Conclusion ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

35. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 35 Conclusion Results of the Work Package 1: A Summary Six Building Blocks of Research Framework have been successfully developed. The first Four of the Six Building Blocks (Chapters 4-7) provide an extensive knowledge base on which to build the design and development of L2C Simulations (foundation for Work Packages 3 and 4), identifying relevant scenarios (team, organisational, or inter- organisational situations), in which a variety of factors and dynamics intervene and determine the success or failure of collaboration The Building Block Chapter on Learning Solutions (Chapter 8) provides a solid basis for positioning L2C simulations in terms of the learning objectives they will address and achieve, and differentiating them from existing solutions, which are typically limited to addressing group dynamics and do not emphasize enough dimensions such as the complexity of knowledge integration processes or the impact of modern ICT on new forms of collaboration. The Building Block Chapter on Implementation (Chapter 9) sheds light on the technologies available or under development which can be deployed to support the implementation of advanced, distributed, and highly interactive and usable learning systems. The Integration Framework provides a systematic way for converting the collaboration- related know-how produced in the Six Building Blocks Chapters to support the next phases of the project. The material presented in all the chapters provides an excellent basis for injecting content in the online KB and VC systems developed in Work Package 2, and for involving other players beyond the core team. ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

36. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 36 Conclusion Work Package 1: Implications for other Work Packages Work Package 1 provides the foundation for: Knowledge Management Tools Development (Knowledge Base & Virtual Community)  See Presentation on WP2 Framework and Simulation Games Prototype Development & Testing  See Presentation on WP3 Exploitation and Dissemination Activities  See Presentation von WP5 Evaluation  See Presentation on WP6 ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)

37. Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007 37 Thank you very much for your attention and collaboration! ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)