1. 1 Chapter 5 Implementing UML Specification (Part I) Object-Oriented Technology From Diagram to Code with Visual Paradigm for UML Curtis H.K. Tsang, Clarence S.W. Lau and Y.K. Leung McGraw-Hill Education (Asia), 2005 Dr. Hussein Al-Zoubi

2. 2 Objectives After you have read this chapter, you should be able to implement a class diagram; implement a state diagram; implement an activity diagram; and implement sequence and collaboration diagrams.

3. 3 Class class SampleClass { private int privateAttribute; protected double protectedAttribute; long packageAttribute; public boolean publicAttribute; public boolean publicMethod(int parameter1) { … } private float privateMethod(byte parameter1,float parameter2) { … } protected double protectedMethod() { … } void packageMethod(short parameter1) { … } A Single Class Package Attribute: Only classes within the same package as the container can see and use the classes.

4. 4 Inheritance Single inheritance can be easily implemented by super class and subclass in most OO programming languages. Multiple inheritances may not be supported in some OO programming languages. Replace some of the inheritances by interfaces.

5. 5 Inheritance class SubClass:BaseClass { … } Inheritance 

6. Interfaces A class and an interface differ: A class can have an actual instance of its type, whereas an interface must have at least one class to implement it. In UML 2, an interface is considered to be a specialization of a class modeling element. Therefore, an interface is drawn just like a class, but the top compartment of the rectangle also has the text "«interface»", as shown in Figure 10. [Note: When drawing a class diagram it is completely within UML specification to put «class» in the top compartment of the rectangle, as you would with «interface»; however, the UML specification says that placing the "class" text in this compartment is optional, and it should be assumed if «class» is not displayed.] 6

7. Interfaces 7 Figure 10: Example of a class diagram in which the Professor and Student classes implement the Person interface

8. Interfaces In the diagram shown in Figure 10, both the Professor and Student classes implement the Person interface and do not inherit from it. We know this for two reasons: 1) The Person object is defined as an interface — it has the "«interface»" text in the object's name area, and we see that the Professor and Student objects are class objects because they are labeled according to the rules for drawing a class object (there is no additional classification text in their name area). 2) We know inheritance is not being shown here, because the line with the arrow is dotted and not solid. As shown in Figure 10, a dotted line with a closed, unfilled arrow means realization (or implementation); as we saw in Figure 4, a solid arrow line with a closed, unfilled arrow means inheritance. 8

9. 9 Inheritance (cont’d) interface BaseInterface { // declaration of methods …. } class ConcreteClass : BaseInterface { // implementation of // methods of the // interface BaseInterface … } Inheritance 

10. 10 Inheritance (cont’d) - Multiple inheritances may not be supported in some OO programming languages. - Replace some of the inheritances by interfaces.

11. 11 class Class2: Class1, Interface3 { … define attributes from class2 define operations from interface3 } Inheritance (cont’d)

12. 12 One-to-one Association (cont’d) class ClassA { ClassB _b; // declare attributes // for the // association class … } class ClassB { ClassA _a; … } One-to-one Association 

13. 13 One-to-many Association (cont’d) class ClassA { Vector _b; // or hashtable … } class ClassB { ClassA _a; // declare attributes // for association // class } One-to-many Association 

14. One-to-many Association (cont’d) Since the class on the one side has a vector to keep all the references of the associated objects, Methods for adding, removing, or searching objects in the vector are needed. 14

15. 15 One-to-many Association (cont’d) class ClassA { Vector _Bs; public ClassA() { _Bs = new Vector(); … } public Enumeration getBs() { return(_Bs.elements()); }

16. 16 One-to-many Association (cont’d) // remove the link between ClassB object to this // object public void removeB(ClassB b) { _Bs.remove(b); } public void addB(ClassB b) { _Bs.add(b); } // other functions for searching objects in the // vector … }

17. 17 Qualified Association (cont’d) class ClassA { Hashtable _b; … } class ClassB { ClassA _a; // declare attributes // for association // class … } One-to-many Association 

18. 18 Qualified Association (cont’d) class ClassA { private Hashtable _Bs; public ClassA() { _Bs = new Hashtable(); } public Enumeration getBs() { return(_Bs.elements()); } public void addB(ClassB b, int key) { _ClassBs.put(new Key(key), b); }

19. 19 Qualified Association (cont’d) public void removeClassB(ClassB b) { _ClassBs.remove(b); } public ClassB getClassB(int key) { return((ClassB) _Bs.get(new Key(key))); } } // ClassA

20. 20 Qualified Association (cont’d) class Key { int _key; public ClassB(int key) { _key = key; } public boolean equals(Object obj) { if (obj instanceof Key) return(((Key) obj)._key == _key); else return(false); } public int hashCode() { return(_key); } }// Key

21. 21 Many-to-many Association (cont’d) Many-to-many Association If the association does not have additional attributes, we can use a vector or a hashtable on each side. If the association has attribute(s), a distinct association class is needed for holding the links between the objects and storing the additional attributes of the association.

22. 22 Implementation of Association Class One-to-one association. Assign the attributes of the association class to one of the classes of the association. One-to-many association. Assign the attributes of the association class to the class on the many side. Many-to-many association. Implement the association class as a distinct class.

23. 23 Example – One-to-many Association

24. What is a VIN / Chassis? A VIN is the 'Vehicle Identification Number' attached to any motor vehicle manufactured on are after 1st January 1989. Important Information about a VIN includes: A VIN is always 17 characters long A VIN does not contain the letter "o" - it will always be the number zero that appears A VIN does not contact the letter 'i' - it will always be the number one that appears A Chassis number is the identification number attached to motor vehicles manufactured before 1st January 1989. Important Information about a Chassis includes: A chassis does not have any specified length A chassis may not be a unique number 24

25. 25 Example – One-to-many Association (cont’d) class Car { private int EngineNo; private int ChasisNo; private int OwnershipYear; private int OwnershipMonth; private int OwnershipDay; … }

26. 26 Example - Many-to-many Association Example of objects and links Many-to-many Association

27. 27 Example – Many-to-many Association (cont’d) class School { private String _name; private Vector _registrations; public School(String name) { _name = name; _registrations = new Vector(); } public void setName(String name) { _name = name; } public String getName() { return(_name); }

28. 28 Example – Many-to-many Association (cont’d) // school class continues public void addRegistration(Registration reg) { _registrations.add(reg); } public void removeRegistration(Registration reg) { _registrations.remove(reg); } public Enumeration getStudents() { int i; Vector students = new Vector(); for (i = 0; i < _registrations.size(); i++) students.add(((Registration) _registrations.elementAt(i)).getStudent()); return(students.elements()); } } // school

29. 29 Example – Many-to-many Association (cont’d) class Person { private String _name; private Vector _registrations; public Person(String name) { _name = name; _registrations = new Vector(); } String getName() { return(_name); } void setName(String name) { _name = name; }

30. 30 Example – Many-to-many Association (cont’d) // Class Person continues public void addRegistration(Registration reg) { _registrations.add(reg); } public void removeRegistration(Registration reg) { _registrations.remove(reg); } public Enumeration getSchools() { int i; Vector schools = new Vector(); for (i = 0; i < _registrations.size(); i++) schools.add(((Registration) _registrations.elementAt(i)).getSchool()); return(schools.elements()); } } // Person

31. 31 Example – Many-to-many Association (cont’d) class Registration { private Person _student; private School _school; private int _studentNo; private Registration(Person student, School school, int studentNo) { _school = school; _student = student; _studentNo = studentNo; } static public void register(Person student, School school, int studentNo) { Registration reg = new Registration(student, school, studentNo); school.addRegistration(reg); student.addRegistration(reg); }

32. 32 Example – Many-to-many Association (cont’d) // Class Registration continues public void deregister() { this._school.removeRegistration(this); this._student.removeRegistration(this); } public School getSchool() { return(_school); } public Person getStudent() { return(_student); } } // class Registration

33. 33 Example – Many-to-many Association (cont’d) public class Main3 { public static void main(String argv[]) { int i; String schoolNames[] = {"TWGS", "KCTS", "LKP", "CMT", "KKY"}; String studentNames[] = {"Peter Chan", "Alan Tong", "John Lee", "Venice Tsui", "Mary Lui"}; Person students[] = new Person[5]; School schools[] = new School[5]; for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) { students[i] = new Person(studentNames[i]); schools[i] = new School(schoolNames[i]); }

34. 34 Example – Many-to-many Association (cont’d) Registration.register(students[0], schools[0], 1241); Registration.register(students[1], schools[1], 1234); Registration.register(students[2], schools[1], 1111); Registration.register(students[3], schools[2], 9878); Registration.register(students[4], schools[3], 6782); Registration.register(students[4], schools[4], 9807); Registration.register(students[4], schools[0], 9080); Enumeration s = Registration.getSchools("Mary Lui"); System.out.println("Mary Lui studies in the following schools:"); for (;s.hasMoreElements();) { System.out.println (((School) s.nextElement()).getName()); }

35. 35 Composition & Aggregation Aggregation can be implemented as a plain association. Composition is a special case of aggregation. The parts of the whole object is deleted before the whole object is deleted.

36. 36 Persistent Classes Persistent objects have long life spans and need to be stored in permanent storage media, such as hard disk. Usually a database system is used to store the persistent objects. Two choices of database technologies: OO database vs Relational database. Relational database is more mature and commonly used technology. Need to map the classes into database tables if relational database is used.

37. A single class A class is mapped onto one or more database tables Attributes of class are mapped onto attributes of the created table 37

38. One-to-many Association A one-to-many association can be implemented in the following two ways: Embedding the attributes of the association in the table for the class on the many side. The table for the many side contains a key of the table of the one side This method is faster Creating a separate table for the association class This method is more general 38

39. Many-to-many association A many-many association can be implemented by creating a separate table for the association The association class is mapped onto a table In addition to the association class attributes, the association table should have two additional attributes (keys) for linking the other two class These keys also form the key of the association table 39

40. Qualified many-to-many association A qualified many-to-many association can be implemented by creating a separate table The table contains the primary keys of the associated classes (for linking them) and the qualifier 40

41. N-ary associations An N-ary association can be implemented as a separate table with the primary keys of the associated classes as attributes 41

42. Generalization There are several methods for mapping a generalization hierarchy of classes: Mapping one class to one table Replicating attributes in subclasses Replicating attributes of all subclasses in the root superclass 42