1. THE SLUMP AND THE NEW DEAL FEDERAL WELFARE PROGRAMMES IN THE USA

2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.  ‘UNIQUE PHENOMENON’ (GARRATY, 1973:907).  POPULATION OF 123 MILLION.  50 MILLION WORKFORCE, 6.5 MILLION OAPS.

3. CONSEQUENCES.  OVER 14 MILLION BECOME UNEMPLOYED.  NATIONAL INCOME DECLINED FROM $81 BILLION IN 1930 TO $39 BILLION IN 1933 (ROE,1985).  SOCIAL ISSUES.  RESOURCES DEPLETED.  POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES.

4. FIRST WAVE OF NEW DEALS.  BANKING ACT 1933.  AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT (AAA)1933.  NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY ACT (NIRA) 1933  FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ACT (FERA) 1933.

5. SECOND WAVE OF NEW DEALS.  CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS (CCC) 1932.  CIVIL WORKS ADMINISTRATION (CWA) 1933.  WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION (WPA) 1935

6. SOCIAL SECURITY ACT 1935.  PENSIONS. CONTRIBUTORY UNIVERSAL SCHEME. 5 STATES INITIATE.  UNEMPLOYMENT. WISCONSIN INITIATES. UNCONSTITUTIONAL.  DEPENDENT DISABLED, MOTHERS AND CHILDREN.

7. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the original Social Security Act on August 14, 1935

8. OPPOSITION.  INTERFERES WITH THE FREE-MARKETS.  SUPPORTS INEQUALITIES.  DID NOT CREATE ECONOMIC RECOVERY.  ROOTED IN PRINCIPLE OF LESS ELIGIBILITY.

9. RECAP: GERMAN RESPONSE TO THE SLUMP JOB CREATION: GRANTS AND LOANS FOR BUILDING/REPAIRING HOUSES INVESTMENT INTO TRANSPORT; RAILWAYS AND ROADS TAX INCENTIVES 1934 – ‘NEW PLAN’ OF 4 YEAR INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION CARTELS AUTARCHY FAMILY POLICY: MARRIAGE LOANS FOR WIVES LEAVING THE WORK FORCE DEBT REDUCTION WITH CHILD BIRTH MEDALS FOR REPRODUCTION SOCIAL PROTECTION: SOCIAL INSURANCE NATIONALISED PLANS FOR TAX-FUNDED PENSIONS IN THE 1940S DAF REPLACES TRADE UNIONS

10. DIFFERENCES IN DEALING WITH THE SLUMP GermanyAmerica Policy Target: Volksgemeinschaft – National Community Policy Target: Emergency Relief and Social Control Creation of jobs to stimulate the economy Creation of jobs as an emergency measure Stimulation of demandLittle stimulation of demand Nationalised Social InsuranceThe Social Security Act of 1935

11. WAS THE NEW DEAL A RESPONSE TO DEMOCRATIC PRESSURE OR AN EXERCISE IN SOCIAL CONTROL?  WELFARE TO WEAKEN THE POOR AND MUTE SOCIAL DISORDER (CLOWARD AND PIVEN);  MANY SOCIAL HISTORIANS REJECTED THEIR THESIS;

12.  ‘NEW DEAL CANNOT BE SIMPLY EXPLAINED BY CLASS STRUGGLE’ (SKOCPOL, 1995);  SOCIAL PROVISIONS WERE DESIGNED TO MEET THE NEEDS OF UNEMPLOYED;  PLURALISTS EMPHASISED THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIETAL INFLUENCE ON THE POLITICAL PROCESS (SKOCPOL, FINEGOLD, GOLDFIELD, 1990);

13. CONCLUSION  ‘INCOMPLETE WELFARE STATE’ (SKOCPOL, 1995);  THE NEW DEAL OPENED POSSIBILITIES FOR OLD-AGE PENSIONS AND OTHER INSURANCES;  SOCIAL SECURITY ACT OF 1935 CREATED A BASIS FRAMEWORK FOR THE U.S SOCIAL POLICY, AND IT IS STILL IN PLACE;