1. Parasites Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS Chapter 17

3. Objectives ID Common endoparasites in small ruminants Clinical signs associated with parasites Diagnosis Treatments

4. Reading Assignment Chapter 17: Common Ovine and Caprine Diseases Know table 17 -3: Parasites

5. Key terms Fecal flotation ELISA Baerman technique Skin scrapings Pre patent period Direct life cycle Indirect lifecycle

6. Figure 6-61 Baermann apparatus is used to recover larvae of roundworms from feces, soil, or animal tissues. This apparatus is most useful in recovering larvae of lungworms. (Reprinted from Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

7. Abomasum Family: Trichostrongyloidea

8. Haemonchus Contortus Haemonchus contortus – barberpole worm/ wire worm – 1” (25 mm) – Abomasum of small ruminants – feeds on blood – Clinical signs anemia, bottle jaw, chronic weight loss death PPP: 17 – 21 days Male bursa RIght

9. Clinical signs Haemonchus ‘bottle jaw’: hypoproteinemia and anemia. usually late winter.

10. Figure 6-34 Characteristic trichostrongyle-type ova of the bovine trichostrongyles. These oval, thin-shelled eggs contain four or more cells. They measure 70 to 120 µm long. Some of these ova can be identified by their respective genus; however, identification is usually difficult because mixed infections are common. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

11. Adults in the abomasum. Barberpole worm TX: Levimasole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, eprinomectin, tetramisole

12. Ostertagia ostertagi Ostertagia ostertagi (brown stomach worm) – 1/2” (10 mm) adult worm; abomasum – most serious impact on calves – disrupt gastric acid secretion – Clinical signs diarrhea ill‐thrift poor feed conversion Male bursa left PPP: 16 – 23 days

13. Ostertagia ostertagi TX: Fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin, morantel tartate, moxidectin

14. Trichostrongylus axei – “Bankrupt worm” – Small stomach worm – Adults ~1/4” (4‐8 mm); abomasum – Clinical signs – Diarrhea – dehydration – bottle jaw – emaciation PPP: 21 days TX: Fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, eprinomectin

15. Small Intestine

16. Nematodirus Nematodirus spp. – “Thin necked intestinal worms” – N. battus is more pathogenic – SI – Diarrhea, Anorexia B = typical strongyle egg PPP: 14 - 21 days TX: Fenbendazole, albendazole, ivermectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, levamisole

17. Figure 6-35 Characteristic large ova of Nematodirus species. In standard fecal flotation, the eggs of Nematodirus species are larger than those of other bovine trichostrongyles (150 to 230 µm by 80 to 100 µm), have tapering ends, and have four to eight cells. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

18. Strongyloides papillosus Family: Rhabditodea Threadworm CS: foot rot, diarrhea TX: eprinomectin, ivermectin ZOONOTIC PPP: 1 – 2 weeks

19. Trichostrongylus Colubriformis Hair worm, black scour worm CS: diarrhea, +/- bottlejaw, dec. weight gain, PPP: 21 days ZOONOTIC TX: Fenbendazole, doramectin, Moxidectin, morantel tartate, eprinomectin

20. Figure 6-36 Characteristic ova of Moniezia species. The eggs of Moniezia expansa are triangular or pyramidal and 56 to 67 µm in diameter. The eggs of Moniezia benedini are square or cuboidal and approximately 75 µm in diameter. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

21. Cooperia spp. Cooperia punctata or pectinata Cattle bankrupt worm CS: decreased growth and anorexia PPP: 21 days TX: Fenbendazole, Levimasole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, eprinomectin

22. Bunostomum trigonocephalum Trichostrongloidea Trichostrongloidea – Bunostomum trigonocephalum: – hookworms – Larger than strongyle eggs – Diarrhea, anemia, weight loss, death – young animals – PPP: 2 months Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial TX: Fenbendazole, ivermectin, doramectin, Moxidectin, eprinomectin

23. Monieza expansa CESTODES – Monieza expansa Not very pathogenic Not very pathogenic PPP: 40 days Moniezia expansa,egg. Courtesy of Merial TX: Fenbendazole, albendazole, dichlorophen, lead, arsenate, niclosamide

24. Cecum and Colon

25. Oesphagostomum columbianum – Strongylidae Oesphagostomum columbianum: nodular worm Oesphagostomum columbianum: nodular worm cecum, colon anorexia; severe, constant, dark, persistent, fetid diarrhea with fly strike; weight loss; and death Adults: cysts in GI Adults: cysts in GI PPP: 40 days PPP: 40 days

26. Oesphagostomum columbianum Oesophagostomum gross lesions (nodules), abomasum, sheep. Courtesy of Dr. Raffaele Roncalli TX: Albendazole, Eprinomectrin, Moxidectin, Doramectin, albendazole, morantel tartate, levamisole

27. Chabertia ovina Large bowel worm CS: anemia PPP: 2 months TX: Albendazole, Fenbendazole, ivermectin

28. Trichuris ovis Whipworm CS: hemorrhage – cecum with fatal infections PPP: 2 months TX: Eprinomectin, Fenbendazole, ivermectin

29. Lung worms

30. Dictyocaulus filaria Lungworm CS: cough, cyanosis, dyspnea PPP: 28 days Baerman technique TX: Ivermectin, Eprinomectrin, Moxidectin, Doramectin, fenbendazole, levamisole

31. Figure 6-38 Representative eggs and larvae of Dictyocaulus species, or cattle lungworms. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

32. Protostrongylus Protostrongylus rufescens, P. rushi, P. stilesi Bighorn sheep lungworm Transmission: transplacental, snails CS: predisposes to pneumonia PPP: 35 days DX: Fecal baerman Flukes: liver and bile TX: ivermectin, albendazole, fenbendazole

33. Muellerius capillaris Goat lungworms May predispose to pneumonia Baerman techniique snail TX: ivermectin, albendazole, fenbendazole

34. Figure 6-39 First-stage larva of Muellerius capillaris, the “hair lungworm” of sheep and goats. First-stage larvae are 230 to 300 µm long. The larval tail has an undulating tip and a dorsal spine. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

35. Liver

36. Fasciola hepatica Liver flukes – Live in bile ducts as adults – Aquatic snails = intermediate host – CS: anemia, weight loss, decreased performance, hepatitis, death PPP: 10 – 12 weeks –Eggs: are heavy sedimentation is recommended TX: Clorsulon, nitroxynil, rafoxanide ZOONOTIC

37. Figure 6-37 Characteristic operculated ovum of Fasciola hepatica, the liver fluke of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants. The eggs measure 140 by 100 µm and are yellowish-brown and oval. (From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

38. Thysanosoma actinoides Fringed tapeworm Sheep CS: weight loss Liver condemned PPP: 30 days Dx: proglottids – feces Tx: Fenbendazole and albendazole

39. ID necropsy Taenia hydatigena Echinoccocus granulosus Taenia ovis Taenia multiceps

40. References Large animal clinical procedures for veterinary technicians, Elizabeth A. Hanie, 2006 http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_ID= 6196 http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubDetail.cfm?pk_ID= 6196 http://courses.cals.uidaho.edu/avs/avs471/Lectures/Lectures %202010/Lecture%20Parasites%20notes.pdf http://courses.cals.uidaho.edu/avs/avs471/Lectures/Lectures %202010/Lecture%20Parasites%20notes.pdf http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/parasitepages/t rematodes/Fhepatica.htm http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/parasitepages/t rematodes/Fhepatica.htm http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/index.html#feca l http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/index.html#feca l http://www.sheepandgoat.com/HairSheepWorkshop/parasiti sm.html http://www.sheepandgoat.com/HairSheepWorkshop/parasiti sm.html http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/merial/Nematodes/Table1. htm

41. References http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/pbs/vetpara/tutorial2.html http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/ bc/toc_22400.htm http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/ bc/toc_22400.htm http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/jcfox/htdocs/clinpara/lst4 1_50.htm http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/jcfox/htdocs/clinpara/lst4 1_50.htm http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/jcfox/htdocs/clinpara/lect ure.htm http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/jcfox/htdocs/clinpara/lect ure.htm http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/merial/index.html Laboratory procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 5 th edition, 2007, Hendrix C.M; Sirois M. K Holtgrew-Bohling, Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN: 97803223077323

42. References http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/7/10- 1519-f1.htm http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/7/10- 1519-f1.htm http://www.extension.org/pages/19680/goat- other-parasites