1. 14th Workshop of the IEA Implementing Agreement on RFP Research Padova, 26-28 April, 2010 Wandong Liu School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China Fusion Research in China and at USTC

2. Outline  Fusion program in China –Focus on tokamak research  Plasma physics and fusion research at the University of Sci. & Tech. of China (USTC) –The role of USTC in fusion program in China  The past and possible future RFP program in China

3. Outline  Fusion program in China –Focus on tokamak research  Plasma physics and fusion research at the University of Sci. & Tech. of China (USTC) –The role of USTC in fusion program in China  The past and possible future RFP program in China

4. Fusion program in China  Diversity during the early days (starting from 1958): –Z pinch, Ө pinch, FRC, reversed field pinch –focus, mirror device –stellarator – tokamak

5. An early stellarator in China Stellarator “LinYun”: designed in1965, capacitor bank energy: 800kJ plus ICRF heating

6. Tokamaks in China  Past decades: –Tokamaks: CT-6, HL-1, HL-2, HT-6, KT-5  Today: –Tokamaks in institutes: EAST, HT-7, HL-2A –Tokamak in universities : J-TEXT, Sunist (ST) The tradition of diversified fusion research has been lost!

7. Tokamaks in China SouthWestern Institute of Physics HL-2A at SWIP Huazhong University of Science & Tech Joint-TEXT at HUST Institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences EAST & HT-7 at ASIPP University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) Qinghua University ST: SUNIST

8. HT-7 superconducting tokamak （ ASIPP ） R = 1.22m, a = 0.27m Ip = 100~250 kA (250) B T = 1~2.5T(2.5) n e = 1~8x10 19 m -3 (6.5) Te = 1~5 KeV (4) Ti = 0.2~1.5K eV (1.5) ICRF: f = 15~30MHz, P = 0.3MW(0.35) f = 30~110MHz, P = 1.5MW (0.6) LHCD: f = 2.45GHz, P = 1.2MW(0.8) Pellet injector Supersonic beam injection Main Goal: Advanced Steady- state operation and related physics

9. EAST full superconducting tokamak （ ASIPP ）

10. HL-2A Tokamak （ SWIP ） HL-2AHL-2M IpIp kA4501200 BTBT T2.82.57 R0R0 m1.651.80 am0.40.50 Flux SwingV·S5.010.0 KxKx 1.21.6~1.8 δxδx 0.1≥0.5 Upgrade of HL-2A: HL-2M Tokamak

11. J-TEXT Tokamak （ HUST ） J-TEXT IpIp kA400 BTBT T3 R0R0 m1.05 am0.27 Pulse lengthSec0.5 Averaged Density m -3 2 ～ 5x10 19 m -3 Averaged TekeV1.0 Former TEXT in Austin Focus on training fusion engineers

12. Outline  Fusion program in China –Focus on tokamak research  Plasma physics and fusion research at the USTC –The role of USTC in fusion program in China  The past and possible future RFP program in China

13. University of Science and Technology of China  USTC was established by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Beijing in 1958, and moved to Hefei, Anhui in 1970.  USTC is aimed at providing the country and the rest of world with high level scientists and engineers.  Enrollment to USTC is extremely selective, for only top 3-5 ‰ of the high school graduates in China are admitted.  70% of the undergraduates continue to pursue post-graduate study home and abroad every year.  Over 10,000 alumni are working or studying outside China, mostly in northern America. Year 2008 750, 40% 497, 27% 619, 33% graduate study inside China graduate study outside China others

14. Key Figure & Fact of USTC 1350 academic staff, including 463 full professors, 30 academicians of CAS and/or CAE. 16000 students, including 7400 undergraduates, 8200 graduate students (2400 PhD ). “Time Higher Education Supplement” ranked USTC the 3rd place in China in 2008 Schools Mathematics Physical Sciences Life Science Information Science & Tech. Humanities & Social Science Gifted Young Chemistry & Material Science Engineering Science Earth & Space Science Management Nuclear Science & Tech Computer Science & Tech.

15. School of Physical Sciences Department LaboratoryDiscipline CAS Key Lab of Quantum Information CAS Key Lab of Basic Plasma Physics CAS Key Lab of Nucl Det. & Electronics PKL Physical Electronics Laboratory NC for Phys Experiment Teaching PKL The Photo-Electro Laboratory CAS Key Lab of Galaxies and Cosmology NL Physical Science at Microscale NL Synchrotron Radiation Dept. Phys Dept Modern Phys Dept Optics & OE Dept. Astronomy C Phys Ex Teaching Atom & Mole Phys Theoretical Phys Particle & Nuclear Phys Plasma Physics Optical Engineering Physical Electronics Optics Condense Matter Phys Micro-Electronics astrophysics

16. Physics Research Situation in USTC (1999-2009, ESI) TypeRange to compareRank of USTC Published Papers All institutions 24 All universities 13 Chinese universities 1 Total Citations All institutions 92 All universities 63 Chinese universities 1 Citation per paper All institutions 582 All universities 428 Chinese universities 1

17. Plasma research at USTC  Plasma division in USTC –Founded in 1972 –Has the most comprehensive subjects in China  CAS key Laboratory of Basic Plasma Physics –31 faculty members  Fusion plasma physics Diagnostic & Experimental & Theoretical & Simulation research  Magnetic confinement fusion (12 members)  Inertial confinement fusion (7 members)  Space plasma physics (10 members) Data analysis & Theory & Simulation  Low temperature plasma and its application (8 members) Fundamental plasma research & plasma application

18. Facilities of Plasma research in USTC KT-5 TokamakLinear Magnetized Device Double Plasma Device Collisional Plasma Device R=30cm a=8cm I p =15kA B t ~3kG t~2ms L = 200cm D = 25cm Bt ~ 1kG 10 8 ~10 13 cm -3 Plasma is produced via high energy electron beam in high pressure. Dusty plasma Ion acoustic wave Nonlinear phenomena

19. Main research activities  Diagnostic Techniques for Tokamak Plasma –Laser HCN interfemeter, CO2 coherent scattering, CO2 phase contrast, Thomson scattering… –Microwave Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging at EAST and HT-7 Doppler reflectometer at EAST and HT-7 –Electrostatic probe at HT-7, EAST and HL-2A Zonal flow research in edge plasma

20. Zonal flow research in the edge plasma of HL-2A The mode numbers are estimated to be. #8297 #8530 Poloidal and Toroidal Symmetries Liu et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 095002 (2009) Probe Arrays Configuration

21. Low-field side (Ip=170kA, ne=2.4, Bt=1.9T, qa=3.3) 2D visualization of sawtooth reconnection Sawtooth research via ECEI in HT-7 & EAST ECEI system in HT-7 Sigal noise ratio ≥20 dB Data Acqusition: 128Ch*1M/s 2004 Plasma Sci. Technol. 6 2166 2006 Plasma Science Technol. 8 76 2009 Chin. Phys. B, 18, 1153 2010 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion,52,015008

22. Plasma research activities on campus Fundamental plasma research in small device  KT-5 Tokamak Ion Bernstein Wave, Turbulence, Coherent structure, Biased electrode, shear flow induced by RF…  Linear magnetized device Drift turbulence, Zonal flow, Coherent structure, Source technology… Magnetic reconnection experiment

23. Theoretical Studies of Fusion Plasmas  Instability criterion of tearing modes for arbitrary magnetic shear configuration, Ding Li, Phys. Plasmas, 1998, 5, 1231  Finite bootstrap current density and finite neo-classical reduction of electrical conductivity at the magnetic axis of a tokamak, S. Wang, Phys. Plasmas 5, 3319 (1998)  Non-local relaxation of neoclassical ions in tokamaks, S. Wang, Phys. Plasmas 6, 1393 (1999)  New Coulomb logarithm and its effects to Fokker-Planck equation, relaxation times and cross-field transport in fusion plasma, Ding Li, Nucl. Fusion, 2001, 41, (5), 631  Destabilization of Internal Kink Modes at High Frequency by Energetic Circulating Ions, S. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5286 (2001)  Effects of Circulating Energetic Ions on Sawtooth Oscillations, S. Wang, T. Ozeki, and K. Tobita, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 105004 (2002)

24. Outline  Fusion program in China –Focus on tokamak research  Plasma physics and fusion research at the University of Sci. & Tech. of China (USTC) –The role of USTC in fusion program in China  The past and possible future RFP program in China

25. The former RFP research in China  Construction from 1985 running from 1989 Shutdown in 1997  R=0.48m, a=0.1m air core  Al shell: d=1cm stainless steel liner: d=0.4mm  plasma pulse < 2ms, I p ~150kA(max) Te~100eV The first RFP device in China :SWIP-RFP

26. Time evolution in SWIP-RFP The former RFP research in China

27. Why re-start RFP project in China? Toroidal alternate research is essential for fusion program in China!

28. Motivation  Diversity is part of the nature, so is fusion research. –Ancient Chinese philosophy “Let a hundred schools of thought contend” (BC 770)  Improve the understanding of toroidal confinement in general  Test bed for diagnostics development

29. Why in USTC  Favorable geographic location: close to EAST, ASIPP (15km)  Training of fusion talents is the priority of university  Human resource advantage: USTC has strong research teams in both fusion and space plasma research  The richness of the RFP physics fits the need of USTC

30. The possible parameters of USTC-RFP Major radius:1.6 m Minor radius:0.35 m Chamber thickness (Al):3 cm Plasma current: 0.1 ～ 1 MA Plasma Pulse: 10 ～ 30 ms Loop Voltage: 10 ～ 50 V Plasma inductance: ～ 4 μH Poloidal flux:5 V٠S Electron temperature: 600 ～ 800 eV Plasma density (1 ～ 2) x 10 19 m -3

31. Cartoon of USTC-RFP Ohm Heating Coil center group Ohm Heating Coil Edge group Aluminum Chamber Iron CoreAir Core

32. Possible research subjects  Single helical state  Dynamo (in collaboration with space plasma physicists)  Reconnection in RFP (sawtooth)  Wall condition: Lithium (Limiter)  Resistive wall mode  Plasma shape control, divertor (?) Open for suggestions

33. Possible Location of USTC-RFP Floor Plan

34. Thanks, and Welcome to USTC!