1. Introduction to Chemistry

2. Chemistry The study of: the composition (make-up) of matter
the changes that matter undergoes

3. The 5 Traditional Branches of Chemistry
Inorganic
Organic
Analytical
Physical
Biochemistry

4. Inorganic Chemistry
The study of chemicals that do not contain carbon.

5. Organic Chemistry The study of chemicals that contain carbon.
Origin: study of chemicals in living organisms.

6. Analytical Chemistry
Composition of matter; measurable, identifies compounds/components
Example: Mass Spectrometer Gas Chromatograph

7. Physical Chemistry The study of : The mechanism The rate
The energy transfer that happens when matter undergoes change.
Study of the interaction between two elements
Study of properties and changes of matter and energy

8. Biochemistry Study of processes that take place in organisms.
Understand the structure of matter found in the human body and the chemical changes that occur in cells

9. Science
What?
Why?
How?
When?

10. Science and Technology
Theoretical Chemistry-Design of new compound and new ideas; 2 categories: pure and applied
Science  Pure
Does not necessarily have an application; just knowing for knowledge’s sake; research
Technology  Applied
Has practical applications in society
Directed toward a practical goal/application
Engineering

11. Alchemists (~300BC-1650 AD) China, India, Arabia, Europe, Egypt
Aiming to:
Change common metals to gold.
Develop medicines.
Developed lab equipment.
Mystical.

12. Antoine Lavoisier (France 1743-1794)
Regarded as the Father of Chemistry
Designed equipment
Used observations
and measurements.
Discovered nitrogen
Law of Conservation
of Mass

13. Steps followed during scientific investigations
The Scientific Method
Steps followed during scientific investigations
Logical, problem solving technique
Fathers of the scientific method is Galileo Galilei and Francis Bacon

14. Scientific Method Observation- recognition of a problem
Visible or provable fact
From that a question arises (problem statement)
Problem statement is a question that compares variables
Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect the boiling temperature of water?

15. Scientific Method Hypothesis- a proposed explanation of an observation
an educated guess
must be testable
Is a statement NOT a question that expresses the expected answer to the problem statement (what you think the results of the experiment will show)
If you increase the amount of salt added to the water, the boiling temperature will also increase because

16. Scientific Method
Experiment- an organized procedure used to test a hypothesis (measurement, data collection, manipulated and responding variables)
Planned way to test the hypothesis and find out the answer to the problem posed
Way to collect data and determine the value of the dependent variable
Compares independent variable to the dependent variable
Can only test one dependent variable at a time

17. Scientific Method 3 parts to an experiment
Control-standard for comparison
Variables
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Constants-parts of your experiment that do not change

18. Scientific Method Independent Variable
A variable that changes unrelated to other factors
A variable we manipulate, change, on purpose
A variable whose value we know before we start an experiment
Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect the boiling temperature of water? We know how much salt we add to each amount of water before boiling so amount of salt is the independent variable

19. Scientific Method Dependent Variable
A variable that changes depending on some other factors
The variable we are trying to find out
Variable whose value we do not know before we start the experiment
Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect the boiling temperature of water? We do not know the boiling temperature to water once salt is added; must test to find this out

20. Scientific Method Constants
Does not change for the duration of the experiment
Remains the same
Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect the boiling temperature of water? We would not change the brand of salt or the amount of water (or type of water)

21. Scientific Method Analyze Look for patterns in experimental data
2 types of data
Quantitative = numbers
Qualitative = observations
Data presented via tables or graphs
3 types of graphs: circle (pie), bar, line

22. Scientific Method
The cafeteria wanted to collect data on how much milk was sold in 1 week. The table shows the results. We are going to take this data and display it in 3 different types of graphs.

23. Scientific Method Bar Graph
A bar graph is used to show relationships between groups.
The two items being compared do not need to affect each other.
It's a fast way to show big differences. Notice how easy it is to read a bar graph.
Often used for counting.

24. Scientific Method Circle graph (a.k.a. pie chart)
Used to show how a part of something relates to the whole.
This kind of graph is needed to show percentages effectively.
Sum of parts is 1 or 100%

25. Scientific Method Line Graph
A line graph is used to show continuing data; how one thing is affected by another.
It's clear to see how things are going by the rises and falls a line graph shows.
Equation of line represents the data.

26. Scientific Method Choosing the right graph for your data
Use a bar graph if you are not looking for trends (or patterns) over time; and the items (or categories) are not parts of a whole.
Use a pie chart if you need to compare different parts of a whole, there is no time involved and there are not too many items (or categories).
Use a line graph if you need to see how a quantity has changed over time.  Line graphs enable us to find trends (or patterns) over time.

27. Scientific Method Conclusion
Presents the findings of the experiment, what the data shows, the hypothesis and whether or not it was correct (supported) or incorrect (negated)
Theorizes why the observed pattern is so

28. Scientific Method Communicate
When scientists collaborate (work together) and communicated, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome
Journals
Internet
Presentations/Speeches

29. Observations vs. Inferences
Something you confirm, something you have seen, a fact
A piece of information about circumstances that exists or events that have occurred
Inference
An abstract or general idea derived from specific instances
Idea, thought, concept, notion, opinion

30. Theory A well tested explanation for a broad set of observations.
May use models.
May allow predictions.
Theories may change to explain new observations or experimental data.

31. Law
A statement that summarizes results of observations, but does not explain them.
Concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
Changes or is abandoned when contradicted by new experiments.

32. Note:
The order of the steps can vary and additional steps may be added.

33. a single experiment can prove me wrong.”
“No number of experiments can prove me right;
a single experiment can prove me wrong.”
Albert Einstein

34. Math and Chemistry Math- the language of Science
SI System (Metric System)
Factor Label Method (Dimensional Analysis)
Significant Figures
Scientific Notation
Manipulating Formulas

35. Units Length (meter) m Mass (kilogram) kg Time (second) s
SI Units – International System
Basic Units abbreviation
Length (meter) m
Mass (kilogram) kg
Time (second) s

36. Solving Word Problems Analyze List knowns and unknowns. Devise a plan.
Write the math equation to be used.
Calculate
If needed, rearrange the equation to solve for the unknown.
Substitute the knowns with units in the equation and express the answer with units.
Evaluate
Is the answer reasonable?