1. The Biosphere Sub topic (a) Investigating an Ecosystem NameTeacher

2. Investigating an Ecosystem Examples of ecosystems include a woodland, ocean, desert, moorland etc.. The main parts of an ecosystem are the habitats, animals and plants desert woodland ocean

3. Parts of an ecosystem Habitat – the place where an organism lives Population – a group of organisms of one species Community – all the organisms living in a habitat Ecosystem – all the living things and their environment

4. Investigating an Ecosystem There are many habitats within an ecosystem. E.g. in a woodland there are many layers and within these layers many different habitats such as trees, leaves (dead and alive), shrubs, bushes, soil, etc..

5. Taking a sample We could find out exactly what is living in a particular ecosystem by collecting and counting all the organisms. This would be difficult and would take a long time. However, we can get some idea of the numbers and types of living things in an ecosystem by taking a sample.

6. Using a Quadrat In order to sample plants (and slow moving animals) we can use a quadrat. A quadrat marks off a small piece of ground of known area so that different plants present within this sample can be identified and counted or their area of cover estimated. This sample gives us an idea of the number and types of organism present in the whole area.

7. Using a Quadrat The quadrats we use are 0.25m 2 and sub-divided into 25 smaller squares. The quadrat is placed randomly on the ground. The number of small squares containing the plant we are interested in are counted. This is called the abundance estimate.

8. Measuring Abundance Daisies = 9 Plantain = 7 Dandelion = 11 Buttercup = 4

9. Minimising errors (C) To minimise errors and make your sample more reliable and representative Use many quadrats Use quadrats randomly

10. Pitfall traps Pitfall traps are used to trap small animals moving across the surface of the ground. To minimise errors (Credit) Use many pitfall traps Inspect them regurarly

11. Other sampling Techniques Sweep netting is used to catch small animals living in bushes and small trees. Pond nets are used to catch animals living in ponds. Tullgren funnels are used to remove tiny organisms from soil samples. Pooters are used to capture small insects.

12. Pond Net The pond net is held downstream and organisms are dislodged by kicking the bed of the stream Pond nets let water pass through them but trap small aquatic organisms

13. Tullgren Funnel The soil organisms move out of the soil away from the light / heat The soil organisms drop into the collecting container

14. Pooter The pooter is used to ‘suck’ small insects from trees and bushes

15. Estimating Total Numbers We can estimate the total numbers of organisms living in a certain area. We can use a metre quadrat We need to calculate the area we are sampling. 1m

16. Estimating Total Numbers We need to estimate numbers using a metre quadrat We then calculate an average number of organisms per quadrat. We then work out how many quadrats fit into the specified area and multiply this number by the average number of organisms per quadrat.

17. Estimating Total Numbers Calculate the area of this field. Length x breadth. 15m 40m

18. Estimating Total Numbers We now know the area of the field is: 15 x 40 = 600m 2. We now need to sample the field by using the quadrat, say 10 times. The quadrat is then placed randomly in 10 different spots in the field, and the number of plants counted. Suppose we are measuring daisies.

19. Sampling Daisies 15m 40m The quadrats are placed randomly and the number of daisies in each are counted.

20. Sampling Daisies QuadratNumber of daisies 17 215 39 42 512 60 713 86 910 16 Average90 ÷ 10 = 9 The results are collected and recorded.The results are collected and recorded. We then calculate the average number of daisies per quadrat.We then calculate the average number of daisies per quadrat. Add up the number of daisies column and divide by the number of sites.Add up the number of daisies column and divide by the number of sites.

21. Sampling Daisies In this case the total number of daisies sampled was 90. The number of sites was 10. Therefore the average number of daisies per site is 90 ÷ 10 = 9 daisies We now need to work out how many quadrats fit the field.

22. Sampling Daisies The field is 600m 2 and each quadrat is 1m 2. Therefore, the field is 600 x 1 = 600 quadrats. If there are, on average 9 daisies per quadrat, this means there are 9 x 600 = 5400 daisies in the field. A good estimate.

23. Estimating Total Numbers Here is one for you to try on your own. This time we are estimating the number of worms in a field using 0.25m 2 quadrats. Here are the results. QuadratNo. of Worms 16 27 32 49 512 65 77 86 98 108

24. Estimating Total Numbers 50m 25m 40m 25 m

25. How did you do? Average number of worms per quadrat? Answer – 7 worms per quadrat. Total area of field? Answer – (50 x 40) – (25 x 15) = 1625m 2 Total number of quadrats in field? Answer - 1625 x 4 = 6500 quadrats Total number of worms? Answer – 6500 x 7 = 45 500 worms

26. Factors Affecting Distribution There are many different factors in an ecosystem which affect the lives of organisms. The factors are also responsible for the distribution of the organisms, i.e. where they live. Some of these factors – the abiotic factors – are easy to measure, e.g. light, moisture, temperature.

27. Biotic factors Factors in the ecosystem related to living things are called Biotic Factors. Examples of these are the amount of food, disease, the amount of grazing and hunting.

28. Abiotic Factors Non-living factors in the ecosystem are called Abiotic factors. Examples of these are temperature, moisture, light intensity, pH

29. Biotic / Abiotic Factors Predators Rainfall Temperature Wind Competition Fishing Hunting Daylength pH Disease Oxygen Are the following factors biotic or abiotic ? biotic abiotic biotic abiotic biotic abiotic

30. Measuring Abiotic Factors We can measure light intensity using a Light meter. Make sure you don’t cast a shadow on the meter or you will get a false reading. (Credit) To reduce error repeat readings many times and take an average (Credit)

31. Measuring Abiotic Factors We can measure moisture using a moisture meter. To minimise errors (Credit) : Carefully push the probe vertically into the soil to a depth of 4cm. Wipe the probe dry between readings Take many readings then calculate an average

32. Line Transect (C) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sample sites

33. Line Transect (C) In this example the light intensity would decrease as you move from site 1 to 10. The moisture readings would increase as you move from site 1 to 10. Therefore, the distribution of plants are different – i.e. there are likely to be more daisies at site 1 than site 10. Likewise there are likely to be more woodlice at site 10 than at site 1.

34. Scientist studying Distribution of organisms (C) The scientist in the picture is studying the distribution of organisms on a coral reef The distribution of organisms would be affected by abiotic factors such as temperature or wave action