1. I/1 Atmospheric transport and ozone chemistry Lecture SS 2006 Thursday, 14:15h (sharp)-15:45h Miriam Sinnhuber U3225 Tel. -8101 miriam@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de Mark Weber S4350 Tel. -2362 weber@uni-bremen.de Lecture material: www.iup.uni-bremen.de/~miriam/lecture

2. I/2 20th AprIntroduction W 27thAtmospheric dynamics W 4th MayRadiative transfer, heating, and vertical transport W 11th Trace gases S 18th NO CLASS 25thHOLIDAY 1 st JunGeneral middle atmospheric chemistry S 8thOzone chemistry and catalytic cycles S 15th Heterogeneous chemistry, stratospheric particles, and the ozone hole S 22ndThe tropical tropopause W 29thSolar (decadal) variability and dynamical coupling W,S 6th JulSolar (decadal) variability and dynamical coupling W,S 13thGreenhouse gasses and climate-chemistry interaction W 20thStudent presentations Lecture schedule and time table

3. I/3 Andrews, D. G., J. R. Holton, and C.B. Leovy, Middle Atmosphere Dynamics, Academic Press, Orlando, 1990. Holton, J. R., An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 3rd ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1992. Brasseur G., et al., Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999. Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics – From Air Pollution to Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998. Wayne, R. P., Chemistry of Atmospheres, 3rd Ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2003. Brasseur, G., and Solomon, S., Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere, 3rd ed., Springer, Dordrecht, 2005. Literature

4. I/4 Master/Certificate students: Small presentation (~ 15 min) and oral examination (~30 min) Diplom Wahlfach/Nebenfach students: Sucessful participation  small presentation (~ 15 min) No exercises ! Criterias for succesful participation in lecture

5. I/5 student presentations Summary of selected chapters/sections from WMO scientific assessment of ozone depletion Selection of topics until 11 th May lecture (first come –first serve basis) 15 minute presentations on 20 th July www.unep.ch/ozone/Publications/index.asp

6. I/6 student presentations (2) www.iup.uni-bremen.de/~weber/WMO2002/

7. I/7 I.Introduction II.Fundamental concepts in atmospheric dynamics: Brewer-Dobson circulation and waves III.Radiative transfer, heating and vertical transport

8. I/8 Climate and chemistry Brasseur et al., 1999 Only parts are covered in this lecture

9. I/9 Stratospheric chemistry Brasseur et al., 1999

10. I/10 Tropospheric chemistry Up to 50% of free tropospheric ozone may be from the stratosphere Free troposphere ranges from abt. 2 km (above PBL) to the tropopause Brasseur et al., 1999

11. I/11 Chemistry & transport of short-lived species

12. I/12 Chemical pathways for VSLS

13. I/13 Annual cycle in total ozone

14. I/14 wave driven transport Photochem. summer decay ozone hole Annual cycle in total ozone Transport (dynamics) and chemistry leads to seasonal ozone variability in tropics, middle and high latitudes Latitude

15. I/15 The global picture: middle atmosphere dynamics

16. I/16 Stratospheric circulation after Holton et al. 1995 planetary wave driving by momentum and heat flux transfer from the troposhere

17. I/17 Inter-annual ozone variability 63°N-90°N 63°S-90°S

18. I/18 Inter-annual ozone variability 63°N-90°N 63°S-90°S chemical ozone loss inter-hemispheric differences in transport inter-annual variability in ozone chemistry & transport in each hemisphere

19. I/19 Ozone variability in northern hemisphere 63°N-90°N

20. I/20 Ozone variability High inter-annual ozone variability in winter/spring NH  Cold (stratospheric) Arctic winters with low ozone:  1996, 1997, 2000, (2003), 2005  Warm Arctic winters with high ozone  1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004

21. I/21 Ozone hole and polar vortex GOME total ozone above Antarctica 1996-2002 Low inter-annual ozone variability in SH winter/spring  cold Antarctic stratospheric winters with low ozone („hole“) and large polar vortex every year  exception 2002, rather warm with higher ozone, but 2003 and 2004 are cold again like before (not shown)

22. I/22 Polar stratospheric temperature anomalies Correlation of stratospheric temperatures and polar ozone, e.g. low temperatures and low ozone  analysis data  satellite data  radiosondes Note: here are anomalies shown (differences to long- term mean) Polar stratospheric T are lower in SH winter than in NH winter (about 15 K) 50 hPa/ ca. 18 km altitude

23. I/23 15-23 km 8-15 km 23-30 km Ozone minihole „dynamics“ ozone inside polar vortex „dynamics and chemistry“ Eichmann et al. 1999 Height resolved ozone from GOME

24. I/24 Transport and changes in chemical composition Transport and chemical composition: subtropical streamer (high tropopause) in NH mid latitudes  low ozone above Europe (mini-hole) Geopotential height in dekameter at 300 hPa (ca. 9 km altitude)

25. I/25 Tropospheric weather patterns and stratospheric ozone North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the normalised (surface) pressure difference between Lisbon (Portugal) and Stykkisholmur (Island) for the winter months December-March Connection between tropospheric weather patterns (surface) and stratospheric ozone (~22 km altitude) 90% of ozone in stratosphere  total ozone mainly stratospheric ozone

26. I/26 Relationship between climate elements energy budget temperature wind, cloud, precipitation, atmospheric waves atmosphere solar radiation heat flux from ocean topography, geography soil composition, vegetation, albedo human activities, natural emission, volcanism Impact on trace gases chemistry transport

27. I/27 Chemical composition and global change What causes the large chemical ozone depletion in SH spring? High stratospheric chlorine (halogen) loading from CFC emissions Cold temperatures inside the polar vortex However, past and future stratospheric temperatures also depend on climate changes Global warming emissions deforrestation pytoplancton destruction tropospheric ozone formation stratospheric ozone depletion modification of tropospheric chemistry CFCs equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC)

28. I/28 Can we learn from the past? Note today: [CO2]  370 ppmv [CH4]  1700 ppbv Age in kyears

29. I/29 Can we learn from the past? Note today: [CO2]  370 ppmv [CH4]  1700 ppbv Mouna Loa Hawaii Ahrens 1999

30. I/30 Can we learn from the past? Note today: [CO2]  370 ppmv [CH4]  1700 ppbv IPCC 2001

31. I/31 Surface temperetures from the past to the future Mann et al, 1998 Mann et al., 1998: temperature proxy data ECHO-G1: climate model result Cubash

32. I/32 Atmospheric scales terminologyscalephenomenas Synoptic global, > 1000km cyclonic waves planetary waves mesoscale <1000 km sea wind circulation, frontal systems, gravity waves regional ~100 km mountain winds, foehn, hurricanes micro< 100 km turbulence, lightning, tornadoes

33. I/33 Atmospheric scales terminologyscalephenomenas Synoptic global, > 1000km cyclonic waves planetary waves mesoscale <1000 km sea wind circulation, frontal systems, gravity waves regional ~100 km mountain winds, foehn, hurricanes micro< 100 km turbulence, lightning, tornadoes troposphere stratosphere

34. I/34 Atmospheric space and time scales Glossary: planetarische Wellen=planetary scale waves, Wolken Cluster=cloud cluster, kleinräumige Turbulenz= small scale turbulence, Schwerewellen=gravity waves, Schallwellen=sound waves, kleinräumig=micro scale, grossräumig=synoptic time scale spatial scale Warneke 1997

35. I/35 Chemical time scales