1. CS 415 – A. I. Not Just a Bad Movie!

2. What is intelligence? Here’s my take  Intelligence is what humans are. § We can’t define intelligence, but I know it when I see it, and more to the point, I know the lack of it when I don’t see it. Some key questions:  Is intelligence learned?  What happens when learning occurs?  What is creativity? What is intuition?  Is intelligence discoverable from observable behavior?  How is knowledge represented?  What is self-awareness, and what is its link to intelligence?  Can a computer ever be human-like enough to be intelligent? Key paradox here?  Artificial intelligence is a field whose area of study includes its own definition.

3. A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence The human brain:  Approx. 3 lbs of coiled, neuron rich fatty tissue  Everyone’s is about the same weight and size § Your brain is the same size as Einstein’s (unless your sick or something)‏  Still, it is billions of organs just like yours that have produced the entirety of human knowledge and experience throughout time.  Curiosity about one’s own faculties (i.e. the brain) predates knowledge of the brains function § To our ancestors, the heart seemed like the much more likely seat of all thought

4. Is the search for intelligence an evil? Duality 1. Knowledge is good  Public Schools  Higher Education  Resumes and Better Jobs 2. Knowledge is bad  Intelligence is scary and the pursuit of it is an evil

5. Early Example  Prometheus § Stole fire and rational thought from the gods and gave it to man § His punishment: tied to a rock forever  The Garden of Eden § Adam and Eve eat from the tree of knowledge § Their punishment: expulsion from paradise  Might seem like a strange idea

6. More Modern Examples Neither money or knowledge is inherently evil.

7. Changing Views of Intelligence Is intelligence separate from the body?  Descartes was the first to think so § “I think, therefor I am”  Dualism § Descartes suggested that the body works like a machine, that it has the material properties of extension and motion, and that it follows the laws of physics. The mind (or soul), on the other hand, was described as a nonmaterial entity that lacks extension and motion, and does not follow the laws of physics. Descartes argued that only humans have minds, and that the mind interacts with the body at the pineal gland.  Wikipedia Article on Descartes  We still think along these lines § Transferring consciousnesses, etc.

8. Development of Formal Logic In mid-18th century, Euler laid the groundwork for graph theory  Represent knowledge as components and relationships  Allowed, “state space search” § All possible solutions can be denoted

9. Babbage designed his “difference engine” and “analytic engine” in mid-19th century  Difference engine § Special-purpose machine for solving certain polynomials  Analytic engine § General-purpose programmable computer for solving math equations  Invented the notion of separation of memory and processing  New Idea: storing patterns of algebraic equations, a form of knowledge, in persistent form  Punch cards

10. Formal Logic George Boole  Boolean Logic § Might sound familiar  Very simple, but sufficient and complete § 3 Basic Operations  AND, OR, NOT § 2 Possible Values  1 and 0  Something cannot be anymore true than true and no more false than false  Basis for first-order predicate calculus § Allows automated reasoning § See this in Chapter 2  Theorems can be built from these basics § Proofs are built by applying a series of theorems and basic rules

11. Intelligence and Modern Digital Computers Alan Turing Computing Machinery and Intelligence  Can computers be made to think? § The ambiguities inherent in the question preclude any rational answer § Instead, lets develop an empirical test that will at least let us test for intelligence  Turing Test

12. Turing Test Attempts to give an objective notion of intelligence  Humanity is the best and only known standard  Avoids debate about “true” nature of intelligence Abstracts out unanswerable questions  What is consciousness? Is the computer conscious? Eliminates “bias” against machines  Interrogator can’t see any evidence except text  Abstracts out specific intelligent processes § No spinning disks, no artificial sounding voices, etc.

13. Examples Chat bots  How does the bot respond to emotionally charged situations?  How does it answer philosophical questions? Deep Blue vs. Garry Kasparov  1996 – Win G.K. 1997 – Win D.B.  Did Deep Blue learn?

14. Limitations of Turing Test Purely symbolic  Doesn’t handle perceptual skills, manual dexterity, Wait? Humanity is the only standard for intelligence?  Humans built computers to be better at tasks than we are.  Computers are different than humans § Maybe they have a different kind of intelligence

15. Next Introduction to the hardware we will be using.