1. Hwa Chong Institution EL Strand One 2012 Prepared by Mrs Jenny Wong

2. Emoticons

4.  “Be reasonable” rather than “be emotional”  “If only he will stop being so angry and listen to reason.”  “Will you calm down and stop being so emotional?”  “Stop being so hysterical and historical; be rational.”  “…most of the strongest passions are destructive-hate and resentment and jealousy, remorse and despair, outraged pride and the fury of the unjustly oppressed…” -Bertrand Russell History of Western Philosophy

5. By the end of this lecture, students will  be able to define and characterize emotions and feelings;  Be able to discuss the relationships between emotions and the physical signs of emotions;  Be able to comment on both the traditional and modern views of emotion and reason;  Understand what is meant by intuition;  Understand why our emotions are products of our engagement with the world;  Understand that emotion can be a source of knowledge;  Understand that emotion can be an obstacle to knowledge.

6. Bertrand Russell “I must, before I die, find some means of saying the essential thing which is in me, which I have not yet said, a thing which is neither love nor hate nor pity nor scorn but the very breath of life, shining and coming from afar, which will link into human life the immensity, the frightening, the wondrous and implacable forces of the non-human.” ( British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian and social critic)

7. What is an emotion? From Latin verb `movere’ meaning `to move’ “Impulses to act, the instant plans for handling life that evolution has instilled in us.” -D. Goleman ( Author, Psychologist and Science Journalist) “A strong mental feeling.” -Oxford Dictionary “Emotions are feelings that are expressed through physiological functions such as facial expressions, faster heartbeat, and behaviours such as aggression, crying, or covering the face with hands.”-Linda Davidoff (Psychologist and Author)

8. Defining an emotion  It consists of various internal feelings and external forms.  It varies in intensity. Passion: A strong emotion. Mood: An emotion which continues for a period of time.

9. Primary Emotions Which one is happy, surprised, angry, sad, fearful or disgusted?

10. Can you guess what are their emotions?

12. 2 possible distinctions  Instinctive emotions: anger, love  Social emotions: guilt, shame Inward-looking emotions: fear, where we are `drawn into ourselves’ Outward-looking emotions: wonder, where we are drawn `out of ourselves’ Do emotions cause changes in the body?

13. James-Lange Theory on the Origin and Nature of Emotions “Within human beings, as a response to experience in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth.” -Psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange.

14. Imagine… You are about to sit an exam and you are feeling very nervous. Your mouth is dry, you have a sinking feeling in the pit of your stomach, the palms of your hands are sweaty, and you want to go to the washroom. Now remove each of these physical symptoms one by one. What is left of your exam nerves?

15. Beliefs Mental

16. How does emotion distort other ways of knowing?  L anguage  Perception  Reason

17. Rationalisation A famished fox saw some clusters of ripe black grapes hanging from a vine. She resorted to all her tricks to get at them, but wearied herself in vain for she could not reach them. At last she turned away, hiding her disappointment and saying: `The grapes are sour, and not ripe as I thought.’

18. Cigarettes are bad for your health I accept that smoking is unhealthy I give up smoking I continue smoking I question the evidence Feeling of tension Either or

19. Rationalisation Biased perceptionFallacious reasoning Powerful emotionsEmotive language

20.  “A man with a conviction is a hard man to change. Tell him you disagree and he turns away. Show him facts or figures and he questions your sources. Appeal to logic and he fails to see your point. We have all experienced the futility of trying to change a strong conviction, especially if the convinced person has some investment in his belief.” Leon Festinger (1919-90) (American Social Psychologist )

21. Irrational Behaviour  Our emotion can distort our belief.  Our emotion can lead us to make poor decisions. How often have you said something in a moment of anger that you immediately regretted? Have you given in to temptation when it would have been better to exercise self-control?

22. The Stoics believe that we should accept our destinies unquestioningly. Is the ideal situation one in which we do not have any emotion at all and could look at the world in a balanced and objective way? Apathy: literally `without passion’ -a situation in which the mind could mirror reality in a calm and untroubled way.

23. Emotion provides us with the energy to engage in intellectual activity. Emotion comes after empirical data has been processed rationally. “The emotions help us to make rational decisions about things by narrowing down our options so that we can choose between a manageable number of them.” -Antonio Damasio Behavioural Neurobiologist. Going Further: The quest to understand consciousness http://www.ted.com/talks/antonio_damasio_the _quest_to_understand_consciousness.html http://www.ted.com/talks/antonio_damasio_the _quest_to_understand_consciousness.html

24. Emotion-Reason Continuum Emotional Analytical FuriousGetting annoyedSolving a math problem

25. Decisions… Peter has decided that he wants Helen to be his girlfriend. He came to his decision by weighing up all of Helen’s good points and bad points and comparing them with those of other potential girls. Helen came out as the most rational choice.  What can be said for and against this way of deciding whom you would go with or eventually marry?  How would you feel if you were Helen?

26. Knowledge Issues Are emotions thoughts or are thoughts emotions? Are feelings emotions or are emotions feelings? Are feelings thoughts or are thoughts feelings?

27. Irrational Emotions?

28. Yummy?

29. How do you know you are in Love?

30. First Love I ne'er was struck before that hour With love so sudden and so sweet, Her face it bloomed like a sweet flower And stole my heart away complete. My face turned pale as deadly pale. My legs refused to walk away, And when she looked, what could I ail? My life and all seemed turned to clay. And then my blood rushed to my face And took my eyesight quite away, The trees and bushes round the place Seemed midnight at noonday. I could not see a single thing, Words from my eyes did start-- They spoke as chords do from the string, And blood burnt round my heart. Are flowers the winter's choice? Is love's bed always snow? She seemed to hear my silent voice, Not love's appeals to know. I never saw so sweet a face As that I stood before. My heart has left its dwelling-place And can return no more. First Love I ne'er was struck before that hour With love so sudden and so sweet, Her face it bloomed like a sweet flower And stole my heart away complete. My face turned pale as deadly pale. My legs refused to walk away, And when she looked, what could I ail? My life and all seemed turned to clay. And then my blood rushed to my face And took my eyesight quite away, The trees and bushes round the place Seemed midnight at noonday. I could not see a single thing, Words from my eyes did start-- They spoke as chords do from the string, And blood burnt round my heart. Are flowers the winter's choice? Is love's bed always snow? She seemed to hear my silent voice, Not love's appeals to know. I never saw so sweet a face As that I stood before. My heart has left its dwelling-place And can return no more. John Clare

31. 1. You know, because you have been told by your significant other that your deep feelings are returned in kind. 2. The object of your affections makes you feel special and good about yourself. 3. If/When you feel jealous, it is always fleeting; you trust your partner not to betray you or hurt your relationship. 4. Nothing makes you feel as serene as when you and your partner are together. 5. When you fight with your partner, you usually make up within a few hours and you always agree that nothing is more important than you both being able to express your true feelings (even if they sometimes cause conflict). 6.Your partner never asks you to choose between him/her and your loyalties to your family and friends-if you do choose him/her over them, you always have a good reason and it is always YOUR decision and your decision alone. 7. Neither you or your partner feel the need to test the other’s loyalties or feelings. 8. You are more yourself when with your partner than you are with anybody else. Teenadvice.com

32. “At the core of infatuation, is a chemical called phenylethylamine (PEA). PEA comes from secretions through the nervous system and bloodstream and it makes your heart palpitate, your hands sweat, and your insides go funny. Lovemaps are carvings of pain or pleasure axed in our brains in early responses to our family members, our childhood friends and our chance encounters. They are indelibly etched into our subconscious. Without them there would be no falling in love, no mating, and no breeding of the species.” Dr John Money (Psychologist and Author)

33. A moment of insight when you suddenly see the solution to a problem without going through any conscious process of reasoning.  `Eureka! Eureka!’ Archimedes (287-212 BC).  Flashes of creative insight.  `Sixth sense’ hunches.  Feelings we can’t really justified at time, but which are strong and turn out correct.

34. KNOWING SOMETHING WITHOUT KNOWING HOW YOU KNOW IT How do you know:  I exist?  Life is not a dream?  1+1=2?  How to keep your heart beating?  Your friends are not androids?  You love your favourite type of music? JUSTIFIED TRUE BELIEFS?

35. Core intuitions-our most fundamental intuitions about life, the universe and everything. Subject-specific intuitions-the intuitions we have in various areas of knowledge such as science and ethics. Social intuitions-our intuitions about other people, what they are like, whether or not they can be trusted, etc.

36. Reason-the laws of logic. Perception-we cannot be sure on the evidence of our senses alone that life is not a dream. In an abstract sense, is all our knowledge based on intuitions?

37. Romanticism Emphasis on the importance of the emotions for making sense of the world. “ The heart has its reasons of which reason knows nothing.” - Blaise Pascal (French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic philosopher) “Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.” -David Hume (Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism, and scepticism)

38. Subject-specific intuitions  Physics  Biology  Ethics Could one of the aims of education be to debug human intuition?

39. Social Intuitions We tend to put a lot of trust in our intuitions about other people and we pride ourselves on being good judges of character. Can you tell someone is lying to you?

40.  If something is intuitively obvious, must everyone agree about it?  Could you be wrong in thinking that something is intuitively obvious?  Whose intuitions should you trust?

41. Distinction between natural and educated intuitions, e.g. Chess grandmaster “By logic we prove, but by intuition that we discover.” - Henri Poincare (French mathematician and theoretical physicist, and a philosopher of science) Two necessary conditions for having good ideas: 1. A thorough knowledge of the relevant field. 2. Unusually good powers of concentration.

42. Expert intuition is generally more reliable than natural intuition. We need to test intuitions against other sources of knowledge: reason, experience, other people’s intuitions. Difficult when reason and intuition may contradict. At the end of the day, most people tend to go with their intuitions.

43. Emotion is relevant in the search of knowledge. Emotion provides the energy that fuels intellectual endeavor. Emotion plays a central role in our mental lives. Some of our deepest beliefs about the world seem to be as much intuitive matters of the heart as rational matters of the head. A balanced intellectual outlook requires both reason and emotion. Emotion can sometimes be an obstacle to knowledge Having strong convictions about something does not in itself guarantee it is true. Rather than rely on any one way of knowing, we need to test them against one another when trying to establish the truth.

44. Knowledge issues: Is there any kind of knowledge that can be attained solely through emotion? Is emotion an essential ingredient of the pursuit or validation of scientific or artistic knowledge? Can there be creativity without emotion? Do people from different cultures experience their emotions differently?

45. Reference: Alchin, Nicholas. Theory of Knowledge. London: Hodder Murray, 2006. Acknowledgement with thanks: Reference material from Mr Wong Ping Loong Anglo-Chinese School (Independent)