1. Designing Data Types

2. 2 Object Oriented Programming Procedural programming. [verb-oriented] n Tell the computer to do this. n Tell the computer to do that. Alan Kay's philosophy. Software is a simulation of the real world. n We know (approximately) how the real world works. n Design software to model the real world. Objected oriented programming (OOP). [noun-oriented] n Programming paradigm based on data types. n Identify things that are part of the problem domain or solution. n Things in the world know things: instance variables. n Things in the world do things: methods.

3. 3 Encapsulation

4. 4 Data type. Set of values and operations on those values. Ex. int, String, Complex, Vector, Document, GuitarString, Tour, … Encapsulated data type. Hide internal representation of data type. Separate implementation from design specification. n Class provides data representation and code for operations. n Client uses data type as black box. n API specifies contract between client and class.

5. 5 Intuition ClientAPI - volume - change channel - adjust picture - decode NTSC signal Implementation - cathode ray tube - electron gun - Sony Wega 36XBR250 - 241 pounds Implementation and client need to agree on API ahead of time. client needs to know how to use API implementation needs to know what API to implement

6. 6 Intuition API - volume - change channel - adjust picture - decode NTSC signal Implementation - gas plasma monitor - Pioneer PDP-502MX - wall mountable - 4 inches deep Can substitute better implementation without changing the client. Client client needs to know how to use API implementation needs to know what API to implement

7. 7 Counter Data Type Counter. Data type to count electronic votes. Legal Java client. The candidate receives -16,022 votes in Boston. public class Counter { public int count; public final String name; public Counter(String id) { name = id; } public void increment() { count++; } public int value() { return count; } } Counter c = new Counter(”Boston"); c.count = -16022;

8. 8 Counter. Encapsulated data type to count electronic votes. Does not compile. Benefit. Can guarantee that each data type value remains in a consistent state. public class Counter { private int count; public final String name; public Counter(String id) { name = id; } public void increment() { count++; } public int value() { return count; } } Counter Data Type Counter c = new Counter(”Boston"); c.count = -16022;

9. 9 Changing Internal Representation Encapsulation. Keep data representation hidden with private access modifier. Expose API to clients using public access modifier. Advantage. Can switch internal representation without changing client. Note. All our data types are already encapsulated! public class Complex { private final double re, im; public Complex(double re, double im) { … } public double abs() { … } public Complex plus(Complex b) { … } public Complex times(Complex b) { … } public String toString() { … } } e.g., to polar coordinates

10. 10 Time Bombs Internal representation changes. n [Y2K] Two digit years: January 1, 2000. n [Y2038] 32-bit seconds since 1970: January 19, 2038. n [VIN numbers] We'll run out by 2010. Lesson. By exposing data representation to client, need to sift through millions of lines of code in client to update. www.cartoonstock.com/directory/m/millenium_time-bomb.asp

11. 11 Encapsulated data types. n Don't touch data and do whatever you want. n Instead, ask object to manipulate its data. Lesson. Limiting scope makes programs easier to maintain and understand. "Ask, don't touch." Ask, Don't Touch

12. Immutability

13. 13 Immutability Immutable data type. Object's value cannot change once constructed.

14. 14 Immutability: Advantages and Disadvantages Immutable data type. Object's value cannot change once constructed. Advantages. n Avoid aliasing bugs. n Makes program easier to debug. n Limits scope of code that can change values. n Pass objects around without worrying about modification. Disadvantage. New object must be created for every value.

15. 15 Final Access Modifier Final. Declaring an instance variable to be final means that you can assign it a value only once, in initializer or constructor. Advantages. n Helps enforce immutability. n Prevents accidental changes. n Makes program easier to debug. n Documents that the value cannot not change. public class Counter { private final String name; private final int maxCount; private int count;... } this value changes by invoking instance method these values don’t change once the object is constructed

16. Example: Spatial Vectors

17. 17 Vector Data Type Set of values. Sequence of real numbers. [Cartesian coordinates] API. x = (0, 3, 4, 0), y = (0, -3, 1, -4) x + y = (0, 0, 5, -4) 3x = (0, 9, 12, 0) x  y = (0  0) + (3  -3) + (4  1) + (0  -4) = -5 | x | = (0 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 + 0 2 ) 1/2 = 5 x = x / | x | = (0, 0.6, 0.8, 0)

18. 18 Vector Data Type Applications Relevance. A quintessential mathematical abstraction. Applications. n Statistics. n Linear algebra. n Clustering and similarity search. n Force, velocity, acceleration, momentum, torque. n …

19. 19 Vector Data Type: Implementation public class Vector { private int N; private double[] coords; public Vector(double[] a) { N = a.length; coords = new double[N]; for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) coords[i] = a[i]; } public double dot(Vector b) { double sum = 0.0; for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) sum += (coords[i] * b.coords[i]); return sum; } public Vector plus(Vector b) { double[] c = new double[N]; for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) c[i] = coords[i] + b.coords[i]; return new Vector(c); } constructor instance variables methods

20. 20 This. The keyword this is a reference to the invoking object. Ex. When you invoke a.magnitude(), this is an alias for a. public Vector times(double t) { double[] c = new double[N]; for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) c[i] = t * coords[i]; return new Vector(c); } public double magnitude() { return Math.sqrt(this.dot(this)); } public Vector direction() { return this.times(1.0 / this.magnitude()); }... Vector Data Type: Implementation

21. Relations between Classes Relations between classes: Dependence: “use a”. Aggregation: “has a”. Inheritance: “is-a” 21 RushOrder Order Item Account 1 *

22. Inheritance 22 Rectangle Shape Equilateral CircleTriangle Base class (super class) Derived classes (subclasses) 1.Derived classes inherit all the public fields and public methods from base classes. 2.Derived classes CAN override the methods in base classes. 3.Derived classes CANNOT remove “properties” or “methods”. They can only add or modify. public class Triangle extends Shape {…} public class Rectangle extends Shape {…}

23. Abstract Base Class The Shape class is an “abstract” class It contains two “abstract” methods which do not have bodies. They have to be “defined” in the derived classes. 23 import java.awt.Color; public abstract class Shape { public Color color; public double lineWidth; public abstract double getArea(); public abstract void draw(); }

24. The Circle Class defines the draw() and getArea() methods. 24 import java.awt.Color; public class Circle extends Shape { double x, y; double r; public Circle(double x, double y, double r, double l, Color c) { this.x = x; this.y = y; this.r = r; color = c; lineWidth = l; } public double getArea() { return Math.PI * r * r; } public void draw() { StdDraw.setPenColor(color); StdDraw.setPenRadius(lineWidth); StdDraw.circle(x, y, r); }

25. Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding In Java object variables are polymorphic, they can indicate the objects of a class or its subclasses. When the methods are called, they are checked so that the correct method are dynamically bound to the object reference. We can use this property to batch process a large number of objects using the same interface. 25 Shape s1 = new Circle(0.5, 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, new Color(255,0,0)); Shape s2 = new Rectangle(0.5, 0.5, 0.2, 0.3, 0.01, new Color(0,255,0)); s1.draw(); s2.draw();

26. Interface Java interface is a special abstract class. It is usually used to define a common interface. 26 public interface Drawable { public void draw(); } import java.awt.Color; public class Circlex implements Drawable { double x, y; double r; double lineWidth; Color color; public Circlex(double x, double y, double r, double l, Color c) { this.x = x; this.y = y; this.r = r; color = c; lineWidth = l; } public void draw() { StdDraw.setPenColor(color); StdDraw.setPenRadius(lineWidth); StdDraw.circle(x, y, r); } The interface implementation