2. Vertebrate Muscle Anatomy Muscles: convert the chemical energy of ATP into mechanical work.ATP

3. Three different kinds of muscles are found in vertebrate animals 1.Skeletal 2.Cardiac 3.Smooth_________ ______________ involuntary, __________ __________ digestive system arteries, veins moves bone ____________ ____________ auto-rhythmic heart

4. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Muscle attaches at the ______ At its other end, the ________, the muscle tapers into a glistening white tendon As the muscle contracts, the insertion is pulled toward the origin and the arm is straightened or extended at the elbow. Thus the triceps is an extensor. skeletal muscle exerts force only when it contracts, a second muscle — a flexor — is needed to flex or bend the joint. _________ pair of muscles work across other joints, provide for almost all the movement of the skeleton.skeleton

5. Muscles movement Muscles do work by _________ –skeletal muscles come in antagonistic pairs _______ vs. _________ –contracting = shortening move skeletal parts –________ connect bone to muscle –_________ connect bone to bone

6. Skeletal Muscle: The striated appearance of the muscle fiber is created by a pattern of alternating dark A bands and light I bands. Know these vocab words!!!

7. Closer look at muscle cell multi-nucleated Mitochondrion __________ ________________ ____________

8. Muscle cell organelles _____________ –muscle cell cytoplasm –contains many mitochondria _____________________ –organelle similar to ER network of tubes –_________ Ca 2+ released from SR through channels Ca 2+ restored to SR by Ca 2+ pumps –pump Ca 2+ from cytosol –pumps use ATP ATP

9. Structure of striated skeletal muscle Muscle Fiber –muscle cell divided into sections = sarcomeres ______________ –functional unit of muscle contraction –alternating bands of thin (____) & thick (_____) protein filaments

10. Muscle filaments & Sarcomere Interacting proteins –______________ braided strands –actin –tropomyosin –troponin –_______________ myosin

11. Thin filaments: actin Complex of proteins –braid of _____molecules & ____________ fibers tropomyosin fibers secured with ________ molecules

12. Thick filaments: myosin Single protein –_________ molecule long protein with globular head bundle of myosin proteins: globular heads aligned

13. Thick & thin filaments Myosin tails aligned together & heads pointed away from center of sarcomere

14. Fig. 50-25b TEM Thick filaments (myosin) M line Z line Thin filaments (actin) Sarcomere 0.5 µm

15. Cardiac or heart muscle resembles skeletal muscle in some ways: it is _________ and each cell contains ___________ with sliding filaments of actin and myosin. Throughout our life, it contracts some 70 times per minute pumping about 5 liters of blood each minute.

16. Cardiac Muscle: Structure = Function Different electrical and membrane properties form skeletal Cardiac cells have ion channels in their plasma membranes that cause rhythmic depolarization = triggering action potentials with no input form NS ________ ____________ discs

17. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of all the __________ _______ of the body (except the heart). Its contraction reduces the size of these structures.Smooth muscle –__________ the flow of blood in the arteries –moves your breakfast along through your gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal tract –expels urine from your urinary bladder –sends babies out into the world from the uterus –regulates the flow of air through the lungs The contraction of smooth muscle is generally _____under voluntary control.

18. No striations, single cell has spindle shape The contraction of smooth muscle tends to be slower than that of striated muscle. often sustained for long periods. Gap junction allows for coordinated behavior= contractions

19. Smooth muscle (like cardiac muscle) does not depend on motor neurons to be stimulated. However, motor neurons (of the autonomic system) reach smooth muscle and can stimulate it — or relax it — depending on the neurotransmitter they release (e.g. noradrenaline or nitric oxide, NO)autonomic systemneurotransmitter noradrenalinenitric oxide, NO Smooth muscle can also be made to contract by other substances released in the vicinity (paracrine stimulation)paracrine –Example: release of histamine causes contraction of the smooth muscle lining our air passages (triggering an attack of asthma)by hormones circulating in the blood –Example: oxytocin reaching the uterus stimulates it to contract to begin childbirth.oxytocin