1. Gametogenesis and Fertilization
Dr. Lubna Nazli

2. Objectives What is embryology? Overview of reproductive organs.
Spermatogenesis & spermiogenesis
Oogenesis
What is fertilization, its events
Cleavage
Zona pellucida, its function
Formation of germ layers
First week changes
Clinical anatomy

3. Overview of Reproductive System
Primary sex organs (gonads)
Produce gametes (testes or ovaries) -
Gametogenesis - spermatogenesis or oogenesis
Secondary sex organs
Male - ducts, glands, penis deliver sperm cells
Female - uterine tubes, uterus and vagina receive sperm and nourish developing fetus
Secondary sex characteristics
Develop at puberty
pubic, axillary and facial hair, scent glands, body morphology and low-pitched voice in males

4. Male rep system Testes Genital ducts: Epididymis, Ductus deferens,
Ejaculatory ducts
Urethra
Accessory glands:
Seminal vesicles,
Prostate,
Bulbourethral gland
Penis

5. Testicular
Capsule
Seminiferous tubule
Straight tubule
Interstitial tissue

6. Limiting m.
Sertoli Cell
Spermatogenic
epithelium
Interstitial tissue
& Leydig cell

7. Spermatogenesis
In males, gametogenesis begins at puberty and continues into advanced age.
Primordial germ cells (46,2N) migrate into the testes at week 4 of development and remain dormant.
At puberty, primordial germ cells differentiate into type A spermatogonia (46,2N).
Type A spermatogonia divide by mitosis to form either more type A spermatogonia (to maintain the supply) or type B spermatogonia.

8. Spermatogenesis
The primitive sex cells appear earliest in 4th week of intra uterine life in the wall of yolk sac as primordial germ cells
They migrate to the developing testes and lie dormant among the cells lining the seminiferous tubules 8

9. Spermatogenesis
At puberty the germ cells awaken and start the actual process of spermato genesis
These cells increase in number by simple mitosis to form cells known as spermatogonia ; type- A and type- B.
Type-B spermatogonia, replicate DNA to have 46 double structured chromosomes to begin meiosis-1 and are called primary spermatocytes. 9

10. Spermatogenesis
Meiosis 2 follows immediately without DNA replication. Only 23 double structured chromosomes are involved
2 secondary spermatocytes quickly undergo meiosis-2 (Centromeres split in metaphase 2) and end with the formation of 4 spermatids each with 23 single structured chromosomes and1N DNA
Two spermatids bear X chromosome complement and other two bear Y chromosome complement 10

12. As steps of spermatogenesis continue the spermatocytes progressively move from basement membrane to the lumen of seminiferous tubule
The cells of Sertoli provide nutrition and pockets of support to developing spermatocytes

13. SPERMIOGENESIS Spermatids are rounded cells.
They modify to assume specific shape of the sperm.
This process is called Spermiogenesis. In it they elongate and reorganize internal structure to acquire the particular shape. 13

14. SPERMIOGENESIS (cont.)
A mature sperm has head, neck and tail
From lumen of seminiferous tubules sperms enter duct of epididymis
They take 20 days to travel this 4-6 meter long tortuous duct
If ejaculation does not occur they die and degenerate 14

15. Abnormal sperms Contrary to oocytes abnormal sperms are
seen more frequently
They are with:
Two heads
Two tails
or:
Dwarf
Giant 15

16. Oogenesis
In females, most of gametogenesis occurs during embryonic development.
Primordial germ cells migrate into the ovaries at week 4 of development and differentiate into oogonia (46,2N).
Oogonia enter meiosis I and undergo DNA replication to form primary oocytes .
All primary oocytes are formed by the fifth month of fetal life and remain dormant in prophase of meiosis I until puberty.

17. During a woman’s ovarian cycle one oocyte is selected to complete meiosis I to form a secondary oocyte and a first polar body.
After ovulation the oocyte is arrested in metaphase of meiosis II until fertilization.
At fertilization, the secondary oocyte completes meiosis II to form a mature oocyte (23,1N) and a second polar body.

20. What is fertilization ?
A sperm enters an ovum, and the nuclei combine to form one with 46 chromosomes.
Fertilization is a process of several events and typically takes place in the ampulla of the uterine tube.

21. Fertilization: Four Major Steps
Sperm contacts the egg
Sperm or its nucleus enters the egg
Egg becomes activated and developmental changes begin
Sperm and egg nuclei fuse

22. Capacitation
Changes take place in the glycoprotein coat of sperm as they travel up the female reproductive tract. These changes are absolutely essential for fertilization.
Penetration of Corona Radiata
The sperm uses both chemical and physical means to penetrate the egg’s corona radiata.
Cortical Reaction
Entry of a sperm into the egg triggers changes that prevent polyspermy (fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm). These changes are known as the cortical reaction.

23. Fusion of Pronuclei
The male and female pronuclei fuse and the egg completes its second meiotic division, resulting in a second polar body. The fertilized egg is now known as the zygote (“together”).

24. What happens now?
Development of the zygote, the study of which is known as embryology or developmental biology.
The zygote undergoes a series of mitotic cell divisions called cleavage.
The stages of development are: Fertilized ovum (zygote)  2-cell stage  4-cell stage  8-cell stage  Morula  Blastula  Early Gastrula  Late Gastrula

25. Compaction

26. Cleavage
The zygote undergoes a number of ordinary mitotic divisions that increase the number of cells in the zygote but not its overall size.
Each cycle of division takes about 24 hours. The individual cells are known as blastomeres.
At the 32-cell stage the embryo is known as a morula (L. “mulberry”), a solid ball consisting of an inner cell mass and an outer cell mass.
The inner cell mass will eventually become the embryo and fetus, while the outer cell mass will eventually become part of the placenta.

27. Blastocyst Formation Cavitation
A fluid-filled cavity forms inside the morula. This cavity is known as the blastocyst cavity or blastocoele, and the morula is now called a blastula or blastocyst.
The inner cell mass is now known as the embryoblast and the outer cell mass becomes the trophoblast.

28. Implantation
The blastula sheds its zona pellucida. This is required for implantation to occur. One function of the zona pellucida is to prevent premature implantation.
Attachment and Invasion
The embryo attaches to and invades into the maternal endometrium.
The embryo typically implants in the posterior superior wall of the uterus. The response of the maternal endometrial cells to the invading embryo is called the decidual reaction.

29. Where does this all take place?29

30. The embryo implants in the wall of the uterus on about the 7th day of development

31. Implantation

32. Clinical Correlations
Ectopic pregnancy
The blastocyst implants in a location other than the uterus. This can present as an acute surgical emergency for the mother after the fetus begins to outgrow its confines.

33. Common Sites of Ectopic Pregnancy
Site of implantation: intrauterine
Lower part of uterus
Ant part of uterus
Site of implantation: extrauterine
Upper and middle part of the uterine tube : Embryo probably lost its zona pellucida prematurely.
Ovary :The egg was never released from the ovary.
Abdominal cavity

34. Placenta Previa
The embryo implants in the lower part of the uterus towards the cervix. This makes it easy for the placenta to tear, and the mother can die from hemorrhage, or the placenta may grow to obstruct the cervical canal. This is diagnosed with ultrasound, and the baby is delivered via Cesarean section.  

35. What is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis ?????

36. Must be familiar with:/ self study topics
Mitosis
Meiosis 1& 2
Menstrual cycle
Formation of ovarian follicles & its fate.
Structure of ovum
What is ovulation?
Ref:
Textbook :Langman's Medical Embryology Thomas W. Sadler PhD (Author)