1. FIGURE 16.1. African GNIs equated to the sales of major U.S. corporations, 2010. All but the very largest African economies pale in comparison to the sales of major corporations, underscoring Africa’s relative weakness in the global economy. Data sources: World Bank. Africa Development Indicators 2011. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011. (Available online at www.data.worldbank.org/sites/ default/files/adi_2011-web.pdf) “The 2011 Fortune 500.” (Available online at http://money.cnn.com/ magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/full_list) From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

2. FIGURE 16.2. The three largest exports as a percentage of total exports, 2009. Most countries are highly dependent on earnings from three or fewer export products. Data source: World Bank. Africa Development Indicators 2011. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

3. TABLE 16.1. Export Price Index for Selected Commodities, 1980–2010 (2000 = 100) From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

4. FIGURE 16.3. Linking Africa to the outside world: Port of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. In Tanzania, as in several other countries, export economies have been damaged by transport bottlenecks caused by overburdened port facilities. Photo: © CIDA (Bruce Paton). From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

5. TABLE 16.2. Official Development Assistance to Selected Countries, 1990–2009 From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

6. FIGURE 16.4. Receipts per capita of official development assistance, 2009. Data source: UNCTAD. UNCTADSTAT. (Available online at http://unctadstat.unctad.org) From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

7. FIGURE 17.1a. Two faces of life in Côte d’Ivoire. (a) Modern office towers in Abidjan. Photo: © CIDA (Roger Lemoyne). From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

8. FIGURE 17.1b. Two faces of life in Côte d’Ivoire. (b) Rural women preparing food. Photo: © CIDA (Roger Lemoyne). From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

9. FIGURE 17.2. Billboard advertising Frelimo’s fifth party congress. Frelimo was the governing party that spearheaded Mozambique’s Afro-Marxist development strategy during the 1970s and 1980s. Photo: © CIDA (Bruce Paton). From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

10. TABLE 17.1. Economic Indicators for Selected Countries under Structural Adjustment Programs, 1990–2009 From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

11. FIGURE 17.3. Structure of the export economies of African nations. Data source: World Bank. Africa Development Indicators 2011. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2011. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

12. FIGURE 17.4. Flower production for export to Europe, Lake Naivasha, Kenya. The trade in horticultural products has emerged as a major area of export growth in several countries. Photo: Roy Maconachie. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

13. TABLE 17.2. Tourism in Africa: Leading Countries of Destination, 2009 From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

14. FIGURE 18.1. Location of major regional trade blocs. The EAC, SADC, and ECOWAS are three of the most important region- specific trade organizations in Africa south of the Sahara. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

15. TABLE 18.1. Regional Economic Blocs in Africa South of the Sahara, 2011 From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

16. FIGURE 18.2. Membership of African countries in regional organizations. This diagram portrays the complex pattern of overlapping memberships that has emerged as a challenge to increasing cooperation and economic integration within particular organizations. UMA, Arab Mahgreb Union; WAMZ, West African Monetary Zone. For other acronyms, see Table 18.1. Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Economic Development in Africa Report 2009, p. 12. Geneva, Switzerland: UNCTAD, 2009. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

17. TABLE 18.2. Importance of Intra-Bloc Trade in Selected Regional Economic Organizations: Value of Exports (US$, million) and Share of Total Exports (%) From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

18. FIGURE 18.3. Intra-African exports as a proportion of all exports, 2004–2006. Whereas some countries sell a majority of their exports within Africa, others send virtually all of their exports to other parts of the world. Data source: UNCTAD. Economic Development in Africa Report 2009. Geneva, Switzerland: UNCTAD, 2009. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

19. FIGURE 18.4. A cartogram showing the relative size of economies of SADC member countries. The diagram illustrates the dominance of South Africa within the organization. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

20. FIGURE 18.5. Transportation challenges: Benguela Railroad, Angola, prior to its recent rehabilitation. Rail transportation in many countries is unreliable because of the poor state of railway tracks and rolling stock. Photo: © CIDA (Bruce Paton). From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

21. TABLE 18.3. Characteristics of Road Networks in Selected African Countries, 2000–2008 From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.

22. FIGURE 18.6. Major transportation corridors. These corridors provide vital trade linkages for land-locked countries. From Africa South of the Sahara, 3 rd edition, by Robert Stock. Copyright 2013 by The Guilford Press.