1. Englishes: British, Scottish, Global

2. British English Many sociolects, idiolects Many sociolects, idiolects Regional dialects Regional dialects Britain: long, shared heritage, small area Britain: long, shared heritage, small area vs vs USA: short shared past, vast territory USA: short shared past, vast territory Yet greater differences within the North of England than in North America Yet greater differences within the North of England than in North America Linguistic Atlas of Britain (1948-61) Linguistic Atlas of Britain (1948-61)

3. British English No overarching authority or ‘academy’ No overarching authority or ‘academy’ Strong local identity Strong local identity Irregular spelling – legacy of dialects Irregular spelling – legacy of dialects ‘busy’ – ‘bury’ ‘busy’ – ‘bury’ ‘one’, ‘once’ ‘one’, ‘once’ Spelling crystallised with printing Spelling crystallised with printing

4. Professor Higgins’s English Received Pronunciation (RP) (Received) Standard English, Oxford English, Public School English, BBC English „talking proper/posh”; „la-di-dah” 1791: Critical Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language (John Walker)

5. Standard English Educated London and S-E dialect Educated London and S-E dialect Canterbury Tales, York Mystery Plays, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: Canterbury Tales, York Mystery Plays, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: no standard Standard English: no longer a dialect Middle classes; printing, media; education; Empire; EFL

6. Standard English Imperial civil service Imperial civil service Education Act of 1870: rise of public schools Education Act of 1870: rise of public schools Standardisation (stygmatising dialect) Standardisation (stygmatising dialect) WW1 officers WW1 officers BBC: Lord Reith BBC: Lord Reith

7. Standard english - long ‘a’ (far, fast) - long ‘a’ (far, fast) - ‘oi’ (boil, soil) - ‘oi’ (boil, soil) - ‘Ə:’ (curtain, certain) - ‘Ə:’ (curtain, certain) - weakened ‘r’ (orator) - weakened ‘r’ (orator)

8. „He wore a tattered brown trilby, grey shabby trousers, crepe-soled shoes and a dark-coloured anorak. He carried a walking stick and spoke with a good accent, the police say.” „He wore a tattered brown trilby, grey shabby trousers, crepe-soled shoes and a dark-coloured anorak. He carried a walking stick and spoke with a good accent, the police say.” „It is impossible for an Englishman to open his mouth without making some other Englishmen despise him.” (G. B. Shaw) „It is impossible for an Englishman to open his mouth without making some other Englishmen despise him.” (G. B. Shaw) Paul Scott: The Jewel in the Crown (Hari Kumar and Ronald Merrick)

9. Standard English BBC experiment in WW2 BBC experiment in WW2 Yorkshire entertainer Wilfred Pickles Tom Leonard (Scottish poet): ‘Six o’clock News’

10. Standard English Not just linguistics: social, political issue Not just linguistics: social, political issue Respected in US (rise of silent film) Respected in US (rise of silent film) Detested by many (language of privilege, oppression, effeminacy: ‘lah-di-dah’) Detested by many (language of privilege, oppression, effeminacy: ‘lah-di-dah’)

11. Standard and non-standard Change from 1950s Change from 1950s British new wave film (Tom Cortenay, Albert Finney) British new wave film (Tom Cortenay, Albert Finney) Kitchen sink drama Kitchen sink drama 1980s: policy change in BBC 1980s: policy change in BBC Film, tv, popular entertainment, stand-up Film, tv, popular entertainment, stand-up Soap operas (East Enders, Brookside, Coronation Street) Soap operas (East Enders, Brookside, Coronation Street)

12. Dialects, RP and society Thomas Hardy: Tess of the D’Urbervilles: Thomas Hardy: Tess of the D’Urbervilles: Tess, „who passed Sixth Standard in the National School under a London-trained mistress, spoke two languages: the dialect at home, more or less, ordinary English abroad and to persons of quality” Tess, „who passed Sixth Standard in the National School under a London-trained mistress, spoke two languages: the dialect at home, more or less, ordinary English abroad and to persons of quality”

13. dialect - accent Non-standard language: Non-standard language: –vocabulary, –grammar, –pronunciation

14. I didn’t have no dinner tonight. I seen an accident before I come here. I shall stay here while she comes. („Wait while lights flash.”) Our teacher can’t learn us nothing. (OE ‘leornian’)

15. Cockney English „cockeneyes” (cock’s eggs) Canterbury Tales: „cockenay” (milksop) C17: Bow Bell Cockney ‘born within the sound of Bow-bell’ C16: language of Londoners outside the Court C18: pejorative (Dr. Johnson’s idea of correct English) – rising middle classes slander: Keats as a ‘Cockney poet’

16. Cockney C19: working-class, debased language (Shaw: Pygmalion) C19: working-class, debased language (Shaw: Pygmalion) Dickens’s Sam Weller (The Pickwick Papers) →literary stereotype (v/w) Dickens’s Sam Weller (The Pickwick Papers) →literary stereotype (v/w)

17. Features of Cockney (1) ‘th’ sounds → f and v (muvver, barf, no bovver) firty fahsn fevvers on a frush’s froat (2) dropping the aitch „That’s an ‘edgeog. It’s really two words. ‘Edge and ‘og. Both begin with an aitch.” (3) diphthongs: beat, fate, great, high, why, nice (4) the glottal stop (5) about – abaht; thousand – fahsn, Gawd (6) the linking ‘r’ (7) syllable-final ‘l’ vocalised: tewwim (tell him) (8) question tags („innit”) (9) intonation, pitch, tone („Ay-ee, Ba-yee, Cy-ee”)

18. sources of Cockney vocabulary Romany: pal, chavvy, mush Yiddish: shemozzle, nosh Arabic and other Oriental: bint, cushy, dekko, shufti, doolally French (WW2): parleyvoo, San fairy ann (ça ne fait rien), toot sweet (toute suite) Mate, chum, guvnor, cock, love, me old duck Blimey (Gorblimey), Cor, Wotcha aggro

19. Literary Cockney Literary Cockney Sam Weller in Dickens’ The Pickwick Papers (Wellerisms: „Bevare of vidders”) Sam Weller in Dickens’ The Pickwick Papers (Wellerisms: „Bevare of vidders”) G. B. Shaw: Pygmalion G. B. Shaw: Pygmalion Kipling: Barrack-Room Ballads Kipling: Barrack-Room Ballads East Enders (soap); Only Fools and Horses (sitcom) East Enders (soap); Only Fools and Horses (sitcom)

20. Cockney (rhyming) slang Adam and Eve Adam and Eve Brahms and Liszt Brahms and Liszt Rosy Lee Rosy Lee trouble and strife trouble and strife butcher’s; cobbler’s butcher’s; cobbler’s Jimmy Riddle; Bristols Jimmy Riddle; Bristols to rabbit; raspberry to rabbit; raspberry Joe Strummer, Hampdon roar, Salisbury Crag Joe Strummer, Hampdon roar, Salisbury Crag BACK-SLANG (yob, nevis) BACK-SLANG (yob, nevis)

21. Geordie English ‘Geordie’: Northern nickname for George talk, walk – wahk Clear ‘l’ Uvular ‘r’ Don’t, goat, know Down, town

22. Scouse(r) English „lobscouse” (sailor’s dish) „lobscouse” (sailor’s dish) Fair=fur, spare=spur Fair=fur, spare=spur ‘r’: alveolar tap (rabbit, grass, carry) ‘r’: alveolar tap (rabbit, grass, carry) Matter – ‘marra’ (Norra lorra fun) Matter – ‘marra’ (Norra lorra fun) k/x/ing, back/x/, d/z/ad, bad/z/ k/x/ing, back/x/, d/z/ad, bad/z/ Adenoidal speech Adenoidal speech Brookside (soap opera) Brookside (soap opera)

23. Yorkshire dialect Fast, car, path Fast, car, path House, down – hoos, doon House, down – hoos, doon Up, cut, much Up, cut, much ‘th’ sounds ‘th’ sounds Summat Summat Norse words: beck, lake (laik) Norse words: beck, lake (laik)

24. Scotland continuum: continuum: Standard English – Scottish English – Scots – [Gaelic] Standard English – Scottish English – Scots – [Gaelic] strong regional differences strong regional differences

25. Scottish English, Scots ‘r’ sound („rhotic”) (laird, beard, bird) Vowel length rule Rise vs rice, brewed vs brood, Do, poor, use – boot, tool Voiceless velar fricative χ (loch) Where, while

26. Scots vocabulary Gaelic: clarsach, loch, pibroch, cairn, clachan, capercailzie, slogan Gaelic: clarsach, loch, pibroch, cairn, clachan, capercailzie, slogan ceilidh, slainte, glaikit ceilidh, slainte, glaikit Old E: bairn, wee, bide, dicht, heuch, glaikit Old E: bairn, wee, bide, dicht, heuch, glaikit Norse: ain, aye, blether, kirk, lass, lowp, maun Norse: ain, aye, blether, kirk, lass, lowp, maun Dutch: pinkie, callan, coft Dutch: pinkie, callan, coft

27. Literary Scots (Lallans Scots) Debated status Debated status no Bible translation no Bible translation Robert Burns (18th cent.) Robert Burns (18th cent.) Scottish Renaissance (1920s, 30s) Scottish Renaissance (1920s, 30s) Literary Scots: more archaic Literary Scots: more archaic Hugh MacDiarmid: The Eemis Stane Hugh MacDiarmid: The Eemis Stane

28. Global Englishes India since 1947: 3-language formula Tristan da Cunha South Africa Singlish (Singaporean)

29. Global English English enriched Hindi loanwords: bungalow, pundit, pukka, juggernaut, jungle, the Hobson-Jobson (dictionary, 1886) Afrikaans: trek, spoor, veldt

30. Creole Englishes Jamaica and West Indies: Jamaica and West Indies: Continuum: Jamaican English – Jam. Patois/ Creole Continuum: Jamaican English – Jam. Patois/ Creole „Di kuk di tel mi mi faamin, bot it nat so.” (the cook told me I was shamming sick, but it was not so)

31. NO RIGHT TURN  NO TON RAIT NO RIGHT TURN  NO TON RAIT SCHOOL ZONE BEGINS  SKUUL ZUON BIGIN SCHOOL ZONE BEGINS  SKUUL ZUON BIGIN NO ENTRY  NO ENTA NO ENTRY  NO ENTA KEEP LEFT  KIP LEF KEEP LEFT  KIP LEF NO PARKING BETWEEN THESE SIGNS  NO PAAK BITWIIN DEM SAIN YA NO PARKING BETWEEN THESE SIGNS  NO PAAK BITWIIN DEM SAIN YA NO OVERTAKING OR PASSING  NO OUVATEK NAAR PAAS NO OVERTAKING OR PASSING  NO OUVATEK NAAR PAAS

32. Creole and pidgin West Africa: Krio (Sierra Leone) Pidgin Englishes (eg. Tok Pisin [talk pidgin] in New Guinea) Pidgin: contact language, language of trade Small and specified vocabulary, reduced grammar

33. Global English back in Britain Nation Language Nation Language (Kamau Braitwaite): the work of artists from the Caribbean and African diaspora (Kamau Braitwaite): the work of artists from the Caribbean and African diaspora Preferred to ‘dialect’ Preferred to ‘dialect’ Dub poetry Dub poetry Linton Kwesi Johnson Linton Kwesi Johnson