1. Nanotechnology in the Delivery of Chemicals to a Specific Location February 19, 2010 S3: James Kancewick, Michael Koetting, Bradford Lamb http://www.pharmainfo.net/files/u2882/nanopar ticles_0.jpg

2. Presentation Overview 1.Overview 2.Pharmaceutical 3.Agricultural

3. Overview What is nanotechnology? Vast range of applications Debate over special regulation

4. Overview Medical field –Highly selective approach –Nano –Personalized medicine –Implantable delivery systems –Easy and Cheap

5. Overview Agriculture –Increase nutrient absorption –Smart delivery systems

6. “Reversibly Stabilized Multifunctional Dextran Nanoparticles Efficiently Deliver Doxorubicin into the Nuclei of Cancer Cells” By: Ming, Zhong, et al. http://www.topnews.in/health/files/cancer-cells1.jpg

7. Traditional Treatment—Chemotherapy Cancer caused by genetic mutations that lead to uninhibited growth Chemotherapy treats this by either: –Triggering apoptosis (programmed cell death) –Inhibiting cell division http://cdin.us/01pics/electron-pics/breast-cancer-cells.jpg

8. Traditional Treatment—Chemotherapy Targets most rapidly dividing cells (usually cancer cells) Side effect: other rapidly dividing cells are also affected –Hair –Nails –Intestinal lining http://www.beasurvivor.com/images/ch12im12.jpg

9. Nanovehicular Intracellular Targeting Uses nanotechnology to deliver anti-cancer drugs to cancerous cells only Nanovehicles increase drug specificity by directing drugs to specific locations in the cell (e.g. nucleus) before releasing drug molecule Nanovehicles for drug delivery in 2006 study from Netherlands http://www.medgadget.com/archives /img/765467intel.jpg

10. Most nanovehicles that have been studied are polymer nanoparticles that deliver the toxins doxorubicin (DOX) or paclitaxel (PTX) Benefits –Enhanced aqueous solubility –Preferential accumulation at tumor sites –Reduced side effects –Increased circulation time Issues –Low stability –Premature release of drug compound –Few of the studied compounds are biodegradable, and therefore not well-suited to medical use http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/ pub/web/4370_web.jpg Nanovehicular Intracellular Targeting

11. Dextran Nanoparticles Ming, Zhong, et al. developed dextran nanoparticles by crosslinking dextran and lipoic acid derivatives (Dex-LAs) with catalytic dithiothreitol (DTT) –Highly water soluble –Stable in both dilute and high salt areas –Biocompatible –Diverse (based on specific structure) –High drug loading efficiency (84%) http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/12 3189887/abstract

12. Dextran Nanoparticles Mechanism –Nanoparticle self- assembles in water from Dex-LAs –Binds DOX while in non- reductive environment outside of cells –Particle/DOX enter cell –Reductive properties of glutathione (GSH) tripeptides release DOX into nucleus –GSH is more concentrated in cancerous cells –Nanoparticles remain in cell and are broken down to safe products dextran and lipoic acid http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/1231 89887/abstract

13. Dextran Nanoparticles Nanoparticle cross- linking reduces size of nanoparticles by 10-25% –Easier transport into cells Cross-linking was also found to increase selectivity without adversely affecting drug delivery rate http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/1231 89887/abstract

14. Further Research Current nanotechnology based therapy research aids traditional methods –Should find ways to use nanotechnology to enable better treatment mechanisms –New drugs that are less destructive and more selective http://www.fhcrc.org/science/pacr/_pri vate/image_files/student_lab2.jpg

15. Carbon Nanotubes Are Able To Penetrate Plant Seed Coat and Dramatically Affect Seed Germination and Plant Growth Mariya Khodakovskaya,†,* Enkeleda Dervishi,†,‡ Meena Mahmood,†,‡ Yang Xu,†,‡ Zhongrui Li,†,‡ Fumiya Watanabe,‡ and Alexandru S. Biris†,‡,* Obtained from Nature Online http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/nn900887m Control Tomato Seed No carbon Nanotubes Seed placed in medium with carbon nanotubes

16. The results of CNT on Tomato germination http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/nn900887m

17. Results For Tomato seeds Significant shorting of germination time Increased Germination percentage rates Seedlings with developed cotyledons and root system were recognized as fully germinated in this experiment 12 days20 days Regular32%71% Treated74-82%90%

18. Results for Tomato Seeds Fresh weight of total biomass (leaves, stems and roots) increased 2.5 fold for carbon nanotube treated seeds. http://www.landrethseeds.com/photos/Tomato/Tomato%20Pictures/German%20Giant.jpg

19. Could this work for other plants? Yes, and no further research is needed. http://www.flowerpictures.net/adenium/ images/clark_seeds_3months.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_UzKDjjtny_o/Sqqn0Em_iDI/ AAAAAAAAA2s/8LhE2IqcAzM/s200/Carbon+Nanotu bes+Could+Make+Efficient+Solar+Cells.jpg

20. Other Areas Of Agriculture Nanotechnology Applications Precision Farming –Sensors Smart delivery systems –pesticides and herbicides http://www.treehugger.com/20100112-corn-field.jpg

21. Questions?

22. Sources Li, Yu-Ling, Li Zhu, Zhaozhong Liu, Ru Cheng, Fenghua Meng, Jing-Hao Cui, Shun-Jun Ji, and Zhiyuan Zhong. "Reversibly Stabilized Multifunctional Dextran Nanoparticles Efficiently Deliver Doxorubicin into the Nuclei of Cancer Cells." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48.52 (2009): 9914-918. Wiley Interscience. Wiley, 24 Nov. 2009. Web. 12 Feb. 2010..http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123189887/abstract Khodakovskaya, Mariya, Enkeleda Dervishi, Meena Mahmoud, Yang Xu, Zhongrui Li, Fumiya Watanabe, and Alexandru S. Biris. "Carbon Nanotubes Are Able To Penetrate Plant Seed Coat and Dramatically Affect Seed Germination and Plant Growth." ACS Nano 3.10 (2009): 3221-227. ACS Publications. ACS, 22 Nov. 2009. Web. 12 Feb. 2010..http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn900887m

23. Group S3 Rebuttal On the whole, comments were generally very positive. Most negative comments centered on the presentation having too much info on some slides. The topics discussed were very information dense and thus mandated a lot of details be presented; however, we agree that some slides could have been split up into two slides for easier viewing.

24. Group S1 Review of Nanotechnology Use in Delivery of Chemicals Group S1

25. Notes on Presentation Positive Notes James was very enthusiastic and interested in topic Good use of model The slide on chemotherapy was very educational Michael was very knowledgeable on background chemistry Opportunities for Improvement Need more background information – Introduction was too short Too much text on some slides – Information was good – Needs to be spread out Group S1

26. Group S2 Review of Nanotechnology Use in Delivery of Chemicals Chris Heflin Rachael Houk Mike Jones

27. The Good Really liked the use of the fruit to demonstrate the principles Lots of pictures that helped explain the topic Presenters appeared enthusiastic and knowledgeable

28. The Not-So-Good No mention of further research areas Failed to address toxicity Could mention that the paper didn’t talk about the fruit produced, only the plant during gemination

29. Scott Marwil Danielle Miller Joshua Moreno Group S4 Review of Nanotechnology Use in Delivery of Chemicals

30. Things Done Well  Very good job with the illustrations and the animations especially the model about the nanotubes that was presented  The group did a good job of answering the classes questions in a full and in-depth manner  The group members presenting knew the material and did an good job relaying that knowledge onto the rest of the class

31. Things That Need Improvement  The overall presentation was actually very good and not a lot of improvements are needed  One thing I do think needs changing is that the conclusion wasn’t that good. The introduction was fantastic but the conclusion left the listener hanging. The questions did help wrap things up though and the group presenting did a good job answering questions.

32. Group S5 Review of Nanotechnology Use in Delivery of Chemicals Pradip Rijal Jason Savatsky Trevor Seidel Laura Young

33. Presentation Review The groups power presentation and visuals were very well done. The oral presentation was solid and it was very easy to understand them. The group clearly learned from other groups mistakes and was able to not make the same mistakes. Some of the slides were a little wordy and detracted from the oral presentation.

34. Critique by Group S6 Michael Trevathan, Daniel Arnold, John Baumhardt, and Michael Tran Presented by S3 Group S6 Review of Nanotechnology Use in Delivery of Chemicals

35. Summary  It was creative to use straws and fruits to demonstrate how carbon nano-tubes are used in the agricultural industry  It was excellent to discuss more than one application for a single technology: medicinal applications and agricultural applications.  The use of pictures and graphs were very well done and they were a great supplement to the text.  The negative impact on humans resulting from the use of nanoparticles in agriculture should have been discussed.

36. Summary  There was too much information on each Dextran slide to be able to understand all the information.  It was difficult to read the axes on some of the graphs – they could have been placed on their own slide.  Overall, it was a very insightful and educating presentation.