1. University of Papua New Guinea International Economics Lecture 18: International Aid

2. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 1 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish Overview Definitions The 0.7% goal Trends in aid The relative importance of aid flows The role of aid Is aid a good thing? How can we improve aid?

3. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 2 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish Definitions International aid / international development ODA –Provided by official agencies (read: governments) –Promotion of economic development and welfare of developing countries as its main aim –Is concessional in character Non-official development assistance Bilateralism / multilateralism

4. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 3 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish The 0.7% goal Pearson Commission (1969), adopted in 1970 by UN: –“Each economically advanced country will progressively its ODA to the developing countries and will exert its best efforts to reach a minimum net amount of 0.7% of its GDP by the middle of the decade” Was based on a financing gap model Is it relevant? Very few governments have reached this level Australia? 0.5% by 2015 (but we’ll see…)

5. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 4 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish Trends in International Aid Source: OECD DAC Development Cooperation Report 2010

6. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 5 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish Australia’s aid program Source: Aust. budget documents

7. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 6 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish The relative importance of aid Aid, exports and FDI for developing countries (current USD billion)

8. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 7 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish

9. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 8 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish

10. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 9 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish

11. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 10 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish Aid as a % of GDP for SS-African countries (2007)

12. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 11 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish

13. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 12 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish

14. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 13 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish

15. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 14 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish

16. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 15 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish Aid as a % of GDP for Pacific / some East Asian countries (2007)

17. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 16 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish The role of aid Innovation and ideas –Is this all good? Stabilisation Emergency and food aid For security and geopolitical reasons Economic growth? Poverty reduction?

18. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 17 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish Is aid a good thing? Four broad perspectives: 1.Very good, very important –Jeffery Sachs [Book: The End of Poverty] –The ‘poverty trap’ –Complementary and simultaneous investments

19. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 18 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish Is aid a good thing? 2.Very bad (and thus very important in a bad way!) –Peter Bauer [Book: Dissent on Development] –Corrosive influence –Dependency –Politicisation of developing country economy –Central planning –Rent-seeking

20. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 19 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish Is aid a good thing? 3.Marginally good, but not too important –Policies and institutions are most important –…but aid can help at the margins 4.Marginally bad, but not too important Bill Easterly [Book: White Man’s Burden] Planners v. searchers

21. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 20 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish Is aid a good thing? The verdict? Evidence mixed… Lack of counterfactual Econometric studies Poverty reduction The equity argument …and perhaps the better question is:

22. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 21 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish How can we improve aid? My preferred approach – consider these three elements: –Recipient –Donor –The relationship between the two

23. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 22 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish How can we improve aid? Recipient: Governance-centric –Conditionality Domestic influences / political support –Technical assistance But is there commitment to reform?

24. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 23 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish How can we improve aid? Donor: Knowledge burden Development is complex (in case you hadn’t worked it out by now!) Doing a lot of ‘a little’ Problems getting data Lack of feedback loops

25. The University of Papua New Guinea Slide 24 Lecture 18: International Aid Michael Cornish How can we improve aid? The relationship: One recipient, but many donors Heavy transaction costs Harmonisation Alignment