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Chapter 12 DNA Technology February 27, 2013. DNA technology has led to advances in –creation of genetically modified crops and –identification and treatment.

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 12 DNA Technology February 27, 2013. DNA technology has led to advances in –creation of genetically modified crops and –identification and treatment."— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 12 DNA Technology February 27, 2013

2 DNA technology has led to advances in –creation of genetically modified crops and –identification and treatment of genetic diseases –criminology Biology and Society: DNA, Guilt, and Innocence © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

3 RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Biotechnology –is the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products and –has been used for thousands of years to –make bread using yeast and –selectively breed livestock for desired traits. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

4 DNA technology –studying and manipulating genetic material, –modifying specific genes –moving genes between organisms RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

5 Recombinant DNA = DNA from 2 sources combined to form a single DNA molecule. Genetic engineering = the direct manipulation of genes ex. By transferring the gene for a desired protein into a bacterium or yeast, proteins that are naturally present in only small amounts can be produced in large quantities. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6 Making Humulin In 1982, the world’s first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was sold. Humulin = human insulin –produced by genetically modified bacteria –used today by 4 million+ people with – diabetes. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

7 Figure 12.3

8 Also makes –HGH = human growth hormone –EPO = erythropoietin –Vaccines Making Humulin © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

9 Genetically Modified (GM) Foods Genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) = organisms that have one or more genes by artificial means. Transgenic = organism with a gene from another species. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10 In the USA, ~ ½ of the corn crop and ¾ + of the soybean and cotton crops are GM. Genetically Modified (GM) Foods © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

11 GM Strawberry have bacterial proteins = natural antifreeze GM Potatoes and rice produce harmless proteins; may one day serve as edible vaccines. Genetically Modified (GM) Foods © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

12 “Golden rice 2” –transgenic rice with genes from daffodils and corn – could help prevent vitamin A deficiency and resulting blindness. Genetically Modified (GM) Foods © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Golden Rice Debate

13 “Pharm” Animals No transgenic animals are sold as food (yet). GM pig has gene for human hemoglobin, which can be used in blood transfusions. GM pigs can produce proteins that convert “bad” fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

14 How are transgenic organisms created?

15 Recombinant DNA Techniques Plasmids = workhorses of modern biotechnology small, circular DNA molecules replicate separately from the larger bacterial chromosome. can carry virtually any gene act as vectors = move genes from one cell to another © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

16 Figure 12.7 Plasmids Bacterial chromosome Remnant of bacterium Colorized TEM

17 Figure 12.8a Plasmid Bacterial cell Isolate plasmids. Cut both DNAs with same enzyme. Isolate DNA. Gene of interest Other genes DNA fragments from cell Mix the DNA fragments and join them together. DNA Cell containing the gene of interest Gene of interest Recombinant DNA plasmids 1234

18 Figure 12.8b 567 Bacteria take up recombinant plasmids. Recombinant bacteria Bacterial clone Clone the bacteria. Find the clone with the gene of interest.

19 Figure 12.8c 8 Protein for dissolving clots Protein for “stone-washing” jeans Harvested proteins may be used directly. The gene and protein of interest are isolated from the bacteria. Genes may be inserted into other organisms. Some uses of genes Some uses of proteins Gene for pest resistance Genes for cleaning up toxic waste

20 Figure 12.8 Plasmid Bacterial cell Isolate plasmids. 1234567 Cut both DNAs with same enzyme. Isolate DNA. Gene of interest Other genes DNA fragments from cell DNA Cell containing the gene of interest Mix the DNA fragments and join them together. Gene of interest Recombinant DNA plasmids Bacteria take up recombinant plasmids. Recombinant bacteria Bacterial clone Clone the bacteria. Find the clone with the gene of interest. A protein is used to dissolve blood clots in heart attack therapy. A protein is used to prepare “stone-washed” blue jeans. Bacteria produce proteins, which can be harvested and used directly. The gene and protein of interest are isolated from the bacteria. Genes may be inserted into other organisms. Some uses of genes Some uses of proteins A gene for pest resistance is inserted into plants. A gene is used to alter bacteria for cleaning up toxic waste. 8

21 A Closer Look: Cutting and Pasting DNA with Restriction Enzymes Recombinant DNA is produced by combining two ingredients: 1.a bacterial plasmid and 2.the gene of interest. To combine these ingredients, a piece of DNA must be spliced into a plasmid. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

22 DNA gets spliced by –using restriction enzymes, which cut DNA at specific restriction sites –Producing restriction fragments with “sticky ends” –DNA ligase connects the DNA fragments into one piece by forming new bonds A Closer Look: Cutting and Pasting DNA with Restriction Enzymes © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

23 Figure 12.9-1 Recognition site (recognition sequence) for a restriction enzyme Restriction enzyme Sticky end DNA A restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into fragments. 1

24 Figure 12.9-2 Recognition site (recognition sequence) for a restriction enzyme Restriction enzyme Sticky end DNA A DNA fragment is added from another source. A restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into fragments. 12

25 Figure 12.9-3 Recognition site (recognition sequence) for a restriction enzyme Restriction enzyme Sticky end DNA A DNA fragment is added from another source. A restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into fragments. Fragments stick together by base pairing. 123

26 Figure 12.9-4 Recognition site (recognition sequence) for a restriction enzyme Restriction enzyme Sticky end DNA ligase Recombinant DNA molecule A DNA fragment is added from another source. A restriction enzyme cuts the DNA into fragments. Fragments stick together by base pairing. DNA ligase joins the fragments into strands. 1234

27 How is DNA used in forensics?

28 Biology and Society: DNA, Guilt, and Innocence DNA profiling = analysis of DNA samples to determine whether the samples come from the same individual. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

29 Figure 12.13-1 DNA isolated Crime scene Suspect 1Suspect 2 1

30 Figure 12.13-2 DNA isolated DNA amplified Crime scene Suspect 1Suspect 2 12

31 Figure 12.13-3 DNA isolated DNA amplified DNA compared Crime scene Suspect 1Suspect 2 123

32 Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA DNA profiling can be used to –Test guilt of suspected criminals, –identify tissue samples of victims –resolve paternity cases –identify contraband animal products –trace the evolutionary history of organisms © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

33 NAU’s Innocence Project Arizona Innocence Project

34 Figure 12.14

35 DNA Profiling Techniques The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) –quickly copies a specific segment of DNA –generates enough DNA, from even minute amounts of blood or other tissue, to allow DNA profiling. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

36 Figure 12.15 Initial DNA segment Number of DNA molecules 1 248

37 Short tandem repeats (STRs) are –short sequences of DNA –repeated many times together in the genome STR analysis –method of DNA profiling –Compares lengths of STR sequences Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

38 Figure 12.16 Crime scene DNA Suspect’s DNA Same number of short tandem repeats Different numbers of short tandem repeats STR site 1 STR site 2 AGAT GATA

39 Figure 12.17-1 Mixture of DNA fragments of different sizes Power source Gel electrophoresis = method for sorting DNA fragments by size

40 Figure 12.17-2 Mixture of DNA fragments of different sizes Power source

41 Figure 12.17-3 Band of longest (slowest) fragments Band of shortest (fastest) fragments Mixture of DNA fragments of different sizes Power source

42 Figure 12.18 Amplified crime scene DNA Amplified suspect’s DNA Longer fragments Shorter fragments

43 Figure 12.UN02 Crime sceneSuspect 1Suspect 2 DNA Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies STR sites Longer DNA fragments Shorter DNA fragments DNA fragments compared by gel electrophoresis Gel (Bands of shorter fragments move faster toward the positive pole.)

44 Gene Therapy = giving “good” gene to patient that lacks it. History of Gene Therapy

45 Figure 12.UN03 RNA version of a normal human gene Virus with RNA genome Bone marrow A normal human gene is transcribed and translated in a patient, potentially curing the genetic disease permanently


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