1. Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson APUSHMcElhaney

2. Essay Question Johnson Administration Essay: Essay: In what ways did the Great Society resemble the New Deal in its origins, goals, and social and political legacy? Cite specific programs and policies in support of your arguments. In what ways did the Great Society resemble the New Deal in its origins, goals, and social and political legacy? Cite specific programs and policies in support of your arguments.

3. AP Outline Eisenhower Social critics, nonconformists, and cultural rebels Social critics, nonconformists, and cultural rebels The Turbulent 1960s 1. From the New Frontier to the Great Society 2. Expanding movements for civil rights 3. Cold War confrontations: Asia, Latin America, and Europe 4. Beginning of Détente 5. The antiwar movement and the counterculture 6. Kennedy's New Frontier; Johnson's Great Society New domestic programs Tax cut War on poverty Affirmative action Civil rights and civil liberties African Americans: political, cultural, and economic roles The leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr. Resurgence of feminism The New Left and the Counterculture Emergence of the Republican Party in the South The Supreme Court and the Miranda decision Foreign Policy Bay of Pigs Cuban missile crisis Vietnam quagmire

4. Did all of society conform to the stereotypical image of 1950’s “Leave it to Beaver”? No No Many groups were not included in the “Affluent Society” Many groups were not included in the “Affluent Society” Artists like Jackson Pollack- expressed their vision of society in their Art Artists like Jackson Pollack- expressed their vision of society in their Art The “Beat Generation” highlighted this dichotomy in American society. The “Beat Generation” highlighted this dichotomy in American society.“Beat Generation” “Beat Generation” Similar to the Lost Generation of the 1920s- Similar to the Lost Generation of the 1920s- The Beats were a literary movement characterized by disillusionment with mainstream American Society The Beats were a literary movement characterized by disillusionment with mainstream American Society They emerged in the late 1940’s and though the 1950’s They emerged in the late 1940’s and though the 1950’s

5. What is the “Beat Generation”? "I meant beaten. The world against me.“ "I meant beaten. The world against me.“ “The point of Beat is that you get beat down to a certain nakedness where you actually are able to see the world in a visionary way," " which is the old classical understanding of what happens in the dark night of the soul.” Ginsberg, “The point of Beat is that you get beat down to a certain nakedness where you actually are able to see the world in a visionary way," " which is the old classical understanding of what happens in the dark night of the soul.” Ginsberg,Ginsberg It’s really an intellectual movement that represents the underside of society- not mainstream- It’s really an intellectual movement that represents the underside of society- not mainstream-

6. HOWL by Alan Ginsberg I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix, angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night, who poverty and tatters and hollow-eyed and high sat up smoking in the supernatural darkness of cold-water flats floating across the tops of cities contemplating jazz, who bared their brains to Heaven under the El and saw Mohammedan angels staggering on tene- ment roofs illuminated, who passed through universities with radiant cool eyes hallucinating Arkansas and Blake-light tragedy among the scholars of war, who were expelled from the academies for crazy & publishing obscene odes on the windows of the skull, who cowered in unshaven rooms in underwear, burn- ing their money in wastebaskets and listening to the Terror through the wall, who got busted in their pubic beards returning through Laredo with a belt of marijuana for New York, I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix, angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night, who poverty and tatters and hollow-eyed and high sat up smoking in the supernatural darkness of cold-water flats floating across the tops of cities contemplating jazz, who bared their brains to Heaven under the El and saw Mohammedan angels staggering on tene- ment roofs illuminated, who passed through universities with radiant cool eyes hallucinating Arkansas and Blake-light tragedy among the scholars of war, who were expelled from the academies for crazy & publishing obscene odes on the windows of the skull, who cowered in unshaven rooms in underwear, burn- ing their money in wastebaskets and listening to the Terror through the wall, who got busted in their pubic beards returning through Laredo with a belt of marijuana for New York,

7. Social Critics= “The Beat Generation” 3 names you should remember: 3 names you should remember: Jack Kerouac- Novelist On The Road Jack Kerouac- Novelist On The Road Jack Kerouac- Jack Kerouac- Alan Ginsberg- Poet “Howl” Alan Ginsberg- Poet “Howl” Alan Ginsberg- Alan Ginsberg- William Burroughs- novelist Naked Lunch William Burroughs- novelist Naked Lunch William Burroughs- William Burroughs- Nonconformists, individuals, intellectuals, Nonconformists, individuals, intellectuals, artists that rejected the traditional values of materialism and searched to live, live, live the real life, to feel alive… artists that rejected the traditional values of materialism and searched to live, live, live the real life, to feel alive…

9. Painter Jackson Pollack Expressed violent, rebellious intensity Expressed violent, rebellious intensity Expressed violent Expressed violent

10. Youth Rebellion James Dean Rebel Without a Cause James Dean Rebel Without a Cause Symbolized the changes in youth culture Symbolized the changes in youth culture Parent and tension Parent and tension J. D. Salinger Catcher in the Rye J. D. Salinger Catcher in the Rye Young man in crisis Young man in crisis Rock N’ Roll- metaphor for sex (music) Rock N’ Roll- metaphor for sex (music) Began as African American culture Began as African American culture Usurped by White America first big star Usurped by White America first big star Elvis Presley and Bill Haley (Rock Around the Clock) Elvis Presley and Bill Haley (Rock Around the Clock)

11. Space Race = arms race Part of the Cold War-hysteria- Part of the Cold War-hysteria- Americans and Soviets build weapons to use in case of war Americans and Soviets build weapons to use in case of war Soviets were paranoid of an American attack- Soviets were paranoid of an American attack- Stalin- wanted to avoid a war with US at all costs Stalin- wanted to avoid a war with US at all costs US had hundreds and later thousands of Nukes more than the Soviets US had hundreds and later thousands of Nukes more than the Soviets Soviets had more conventional forces- and US had to compensate- (See Dulles- Massive Retaliation) Soviets had more conventional forces- and US had to compensate- (See Dulles- Massive Retaliation)

12. Sputnik-1957 Soviets successfully launch a satellite into orbit Soviets successfully launch a satellite into orbit One even included a dog One even included a dog US was unsuccessful at first US was unsuccessful at first Significance: Significance: Space Race is really about weapons development Space Race is really about weapons development Post WWII- Post WWII- Nazis developed first jet engines and rockets- guided missiles- V1 and V-2 bombs Nazis developed first jet engines and rockets- guided missiles- V1 and V-2 bombs Space Race is about developing rockets to deliver new higher power Nuclear Weapons – Space Race is about developing rockets to deliver new higher power Nuclear Weapons – Inter-continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) Inter-continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)

14. American Reacts- to Sputnik 1958- National Defense Education Act Government sponsors education in science and humanities to support defense 1958- National Defense Education Act Government sponsors education in science and humanities to support defense NASA- National Aeronautics and Space Administration- began as agency for non- military space research and development NASA- National Aeronautics and Space Administration- began as agency for non- military space research and development

15. Cold War Novel On the Beach Bleak story of a Nuclear war- Bleak story of a Nuclear war- Represents critics of Dulles’ Massive Retaliation doctrine Represents critics of Dulles’ Massive Retaliation doctrine Coincides with American reduction in conventional forces Coincides with American reduction in conventional forces

17. Nixon visits Moscow 1959 The “Kitchen Debate”- a discussion between Nixon and Khrushchev regarding economic systems The “Kitchen Debate”- a discussion between Nixon and Khrushchev regarding economic systems Later Khrushchev will visit USA Later Khrushchev will visit USA Relations were agreeable on the surface Relations were agreeable on the surface

18. U2 Crisis 1960 Good relations with Soviets- Eisenhower was to meet in Paris for important summit meeting Good relations with Soviets- Eisenhower was to meet in Paris for important summit meeting US was sending U2 Spy Planes over Soviet Union- US was sending U2 Spy Planes over Soviet Union- One is shot down- Francis Gary Powers is the pilot- captured and confesses to spying One is shot down- Francis Gary Powers is the pilot- captured and confesses to spying Causes tension and breakdown of summit meeting with IKE Causes tension and breakdown of summit meeting with IKE

20. Cuban Revolution 1950 Fulgencio Batista- American Supported corrupt dictator of Cuba Fulgencio Batista- American Supported corrupt dictator of Cuba Overthrown by Socialist- Fidel Castro and Ernesto Che Guevara- Allies with Soviets and wants to spread revolution in South America Overthrown by Socialist- Fidel Castro and Ernesto Che Guevara- Allies with Soviets and wants to spread revolution in South America Regime nationalizes businesses and alienates American government- Regime nationalizes businesses and alienates American government- Cubans leave to Florida- support anti-Castro movement in US- become very powerful in Florida politics Cubans leave to Florida- support anti-Castro movement in US- become very powerful in Florida politics

22. Cuba Continued Eisenhower administration was not comfortable with intervention in Cuba Eisenhower administration was not comfortable with intervention in Cuba CIA did prepare a counter revolution- Cuban exiles were trained – CIA did prepare a counter revolution- Cuban exiles were trained – In 1961- Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) CIA backed counter revolutionaries invade Cuba, ask for US support and are refused by Kennedy. (Kennedy didn’t want to use American power) In 1961- Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) CIA backed counter revolutionaries invade Cuba, ask for US support and are refused by Kennedy. (Kennedy didn’t want to use American power) US continues economic blockade (lasting through today) US continues economic blockade (lasting through today)

24. Southeast Asia Vietnam-French Conflict-post WWII Vietnam-French Conflict-post WWII American Support American Support Ho Chi Minh- Communist Nationalist- sends insurgents into South Vietnam to unite country- “Viet Cong” Ho Chi Minh- Communist Nationalist- sends insurgents into South Vietnam to unite country- “Viet Cong” 1954 Dien Bien Phu battle- French are defeated and country is split in Two North (Communist) South Pro-American leader Ngo Dinh Diem 1954 Dien Bien Phu battle- French are defeated and country is split in Two North (Communist) South Pro-American leader Ngo Dinh Diem Americans aid the South $ and military advisors Americans aid the South $ and military advisors

25. Bobbie Kennedy (RFK) Brother to JFK (Attorney General) Brother to JFK (Attorney General) Put in charge of “Operation Mongoose” Put in charge of “Operation Mongoose” Covert operation to disrupt- Cuban domestic politics Covert operation to disrupt- Cuban domestic politics Accusations of assassination plots against Fidel Castro Accusations of assassination plots against Fidel Castro Kennedy will later develop a kind of “Marshall Plan for Latin America” Kennedy will later develop a kind of “Marshall Plan for Latin America” Alliance for Progress =Loans for economic development- in an effort to prevent communist subversion Alliance for Progress =Loans for economic development- in an effort to prevent communist subversion

26. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Nikita Khrushchev- new leader of Soviet Union (Stalin died March 5, 1953) Nikita Khrushchev- new leader of Soviet Union (Stalin died March 5, 1953) Sent 3 dozen Nuclear war heads to Cuba Sent 3 dozen Nuclear war heads to Cuba Idea seems to be that Khrushchev wanted to prevent an American invasion Idea seems to be that Khrushchev wanted to prevent an American invasion

27. Kennedy Reacts Kennedy “Could not permit this unprecedented intrusion into the American sphere of interest.” Kennedy “Could not permit this unprecedented intrusion into the American sphere of interest.” It would encourage Khrushchev to further action in Latin America It would encourage Khrushchev to further action in Latin America It would also cause domestic criticism against him by Republicans It would also cause domestic criticism against him by Republicans Kennedy decided to blockade Cuba and prevent any further Soviet equipment/personnel/from being offloaded in Cuba Kennedy decided to blockade Cuba and prevent any further Soviet equipment/personnel/from being offloaded in Cuba Tensions rose and Nuclear War seemed eminent Tensions rose and Nuclear War seemed eminent

29. Khrushchev Stopped the ships heading to Cuba Stopped the ships heading to Cuba Decided that missiles in Cuba was not worth nuclear war Decided that missiles in Cuba was not worth nuclear war Negotiated settlement- removal of American missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba Negotiated settlement- removal of American missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba US promised not to invade Cuba US promised not to invade Cuba

30. Southeast Asia Vietnam-French Conflict-post WWII Vietnam-French Conflict-post WWII American Support American Support Ho Chi Minh- Communist Nationalist- sends insurgents into South Vietnam to unite country- “Viet Cong” Ho Chi Minh- Communist Nationalist- sends insurgents into South Vietnam to unite country- “Viet Cong” 1954 Dien Bien Phu battle- French are defeated and country is split in Two North (Communist) South Pro-American leader Ngo Dinh Diem 1954 Dien Bien Phu battle- French are defeated and country is split in Two North (Communist) South Pro-American leader Ngo Dinh Diem Americans aid the South $ and military advisors (Kennedy increases aid and American troops) Americans aid the South $ and military advisors (Kennedy increases aid and American troops)

31. SEATO South East Asia Treaty Organization South East Asia Treaty Organization Cold War alliance similar to NATO in Europe Cold War alliance similar to NATO in Europe

32. Eisenhower’s Legacy: Beware of the “Military Industrial Complex” “Military Industrial Complex”“Military Industrial Complex” He warned Americans watch out for the influence to the defense industries in American Government- He warned Americans watch out for the influence to the defense industries in American Government- He saw this as a threat to peace He saw this as a threat to peace Felt control of government must remain civilian and independent from industries Felt control of government must remain civilian and independent from industries M.I.C.= The defense industry, weapons manufacture and Military- M.I.C.= The defense industry, weapons manufacture and Military-

33. Election of 1960 Election of 1960 Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Democrat) vs VP Richard Millhouse Nixon (Republican) Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Democrat) vs VP Richard Millhouse Nixon (Republican) 1958 Democrats have large majority in Senate and House 1958 Democrats have large majority in Senate and House

34. JFK and the “New Frontier” 43 year old, Irish!!!!, Catholic, Democrat 43 year old, Irish!!!!, Catholic, Democrat Senator since 1952 Senator since 1952 Running mate Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) (Senate Majority Leader from Texas) Running mate Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) (Senate Majority Leader from Texas) “New Frontier” campaign program “New Frontier” campaign program “get the country moving again” “get the country moving again” Close the missile gap Close the missile gap Expand the space exploration Expand the space exploration Boost economic growth Boost economic growth Support Civil Rights Support Civil Rights

35. Kennedy Wins- very close election

38. Kennedy ushers in a new era of change the 1960s Opportunism, youth, action, intelligence Opportunism, youth, action, intelligence “Camelot”- Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy “Camelot”- Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Bay of Pigs Bay of Pigs Apollo Program- Man on the moon Apollo Program- Man on the moon Alliance for Progress Alliance for Progress Peace Corps Peace Corps Green Berets Green Berets Berlin Crisis Berlin Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis Civil Rights: Freedom Rides Birmingham protests University of Mississippi James Meredith University Alabama George Wallace MLK March on Washington “I have a dream speech” November 22, 1963 Dallas Texas Lee Harvey Oswald

39. Kennedy “New Frontier” -- "We stand today on the edge of a new frontier -- the frontier of the 1960s, a frontier of unknown opportunities and paths, a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and threats. The new frontier I speak is not a set of promises -- it is a set of challenges." -- "We stand today on the edge of a new frontier -- the frontier of the 1960s, a frontier of unknown opportunities and paths, a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and threats. The new frontier I speak is not a set of promises -- it is a set of challenges."

40. 1961 Kennedy's Inaugural Address “We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom -- symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning -- signifying renewal, as well as change... Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans -- born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage -- and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.” “We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom -- symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning -- signifying renewal, as well as change... Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans -- born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage -- and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.”

41. Kennedy’s Foreign Policy Warning to the Russians “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear in burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.” “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear in burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.” Significance: Significance: Kennedy would attempt to stop spread of Communism- continue Containment… Kennedy would attempt to stop spread of Communism- continue Containment… Creates Green Berets -military forces- counter insurgency focus Creates Green Berets -military forces- counter insurgency focus Alliance for Progress –Economic aid for Latin America Alliance for Progress –Economic aid for Latin America Peace Corps –humanitarian and development org.- education, agriculture, health care for third world countries Peace Corps –humanitarian and development org.- education, agriculture, health care for third world countries

42. Berlin Crisis 1961 Khrushchev wanted US out of Berlin Khrushchev wanted US out of Berlin 3.5 million Germans were leaving to the Western side of Berlin- 30,000 per month 3.5 million Germans were leaving to the Western side of Berlin- 30,000 per month Khrushchev tried to bully Kennedy by threatening to take over West Berlin Khrushchev tried to bully Kennedy by threatening to take over West Berlin Kennedy responds with arms build up, military build up in US, and commitment to Berlin. Kennedy responds with arms build up, military build up in US, and commitment to Berlin. Khrushchev responds with the “Berlin Wall” Khrushchev responds with the “Berlin Wall”

43. Berlin Wall

44. Civil Rights Continue in the 60s May 1961 Congress of Racial Equality- (CORE) organizes Freedom Rides: May 1961 Congress of Racial Equality- (CORE) organizes Freedom Rides: Protestors ride through the south to protest lack of enforcement of desegregation laws for busses Protestors ride through the south to protest lack of enforcement of desegregation laws for busses Bobbie Kennedy- sends Federal Marshals to protect protesters. Bobbie Kennedy- sends Federal Marshals to protect protesters. 1962 University of Mississippi- James Meredith desegregates, protected by marshals and troops 1962 University of Mississippi- James Meredith desegregates, protected by marshals and troops 1963, Birmingham Protests: 1963, Birmingham Protests: MLK goes to Birmingham, Alabama to protest discrimination and segregation of facilities MLK goes to Birmingham, Alabama to protest discrimination and segregation of facilities

45. Birmingham 1963 MLK Arrested MLK Arrested Police commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor used cattle prods and ordered police dogs on demonstrators and used fire hoses on children as world watched in horror. Police commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor used cattle prods and ordered police dogs on demonstrators and used fire hoses on children as world watched in horror. Causes- Public pressure for civil rights legislation. Causes- Public pressure for civil rights legislation. Local business leaders gave in and agreed to desegregate the big department stores. Local business leaders gave in and agreed to desegregate the big department stores. King called off the demonstrations. King called off the demonstrations. Significance: Kennedy actively pursues civil rights Significance: Kennedy actively pursues civil rights

47. George Wallace- Gov. Alabama Tries to resist de-segregation of Alabama University "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever." Tries to resist de-segregation of Alabama University "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever." Kennedy sends federal troops Kennedy sends federal troops That night, Medgar Evers, NAACP director in Mississippi, was assassinated -- Seen as retaliation for University of Alabama incident

48. 1963 The March on Washington In response to murder of EVERS JFK announced he would send Congress a civil rights bill which would crush segregation, outlaw discrimination in elections, and give the justice department authority to enforce school integration. In response to murder of EVERS JFK announced he would send Congress a civil rights bill which would crush segregation, outlaw discrimination in elections, and give the justice department authority to enforce school integration. March on Washington, August 28, 1963 March on Washington, August 28, 1963 Largest protest in nation’s history thus far; 200,000 Largest protest in nation’s history thus far; 200,000 Protesters demanded support for Kennedy’s civil rights bill Protesters demanded support for Kennedy’s civil rights bill King makes “I have a dream speech.” King makes “I have a dream speech.”

49. “I have a Dream Speech” August 1963, Washington DC I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor's lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers. I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor's lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the South. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope. This is the faith with which I return to the South. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, "My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring." And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, "My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring." And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous peaks of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and every molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!" When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"

51. Assassination of Martin Luther King -- April 4, 1968 Martin Luther King Jr. continued his work of civil disobedience and non-violent protest to work for civil rights for African Americans, but he was becoming more radical in views like the Vietnam war and socialist ideas. Martin Luther King Jr. continued his work of civil disobedience and non-violent protest to work for civil rights for African Americans, but he was becoming more radical in views like the Vietnam war and socialist ideas. He was shot while standing on a balcony in Memphis. He was shot while standing on a balcony in Memphis. King was working to increase wages for Memphis trash collectors. King was working to increase wages for Memphis trash collectors. "We’ve got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn’t matter with me now. Because I’ve been to the mountain top. I may not get there with you, but I want you to know tonight... that we as a people will get to the promised land." "We’ve got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn’t matter with me now. Because I’ve been to the mountain top. I may not get there with you, but I want you to know tonight... that we as a people will get to the promised land." He had an idea he would not be alive much longer. He had an idea he would not be alive much longer.

52. James Earl Ray, accused of assassination of MLK James Earl Ray, accused of assassination of MLK

53. King’s Assassination Causes Violent Protest Blacks in the North- Blacks in the North- Slums, poverty, crime, police brutality Slums, poverty, crime, police brutality High unemployment High unemployment 1960 3 million blacks on welfare 1960 3 million blacks on welfare 1972 11 million on welfare 1972 11 million on welfare Jail, tensions cause unrest- Jail, tensions cause unrest- July- 1964 Harlem and Brooklyn riots 1965 Watts Riots 6 days (LA) 1966- 40 riots 1967- 160 riots 1968 more riots

54. What is the significance? “The only way we gonna stop them white men from whippin us is to take over.” “The only way we gonna stop them white men from whippin us is to take over.” “Burn Baby Burn” “Burn Baby Burn” What group might have said this? What group might have said this?

55. How does MLK compare to other African American leaders Malcolm X Malcolm X Nation of Islam Nation of Islam Radical, brilliant orator Radical, brilliant orator Separation from White Society (similar to Marcus Garvey, of the Harlem Renaissance, 1920’s) Separation from White Society (similar to Marcus Garvey, of the Harlem Renaissance, 1920’s) Advocated African American rights through "any means necessary." Advocated African American rights through "any means necessary." Advocated use of weapons for self-defense believing nonviolence encouraged white violence Advocated use of weapons for self-defense believing nonviolence encouraged white violence Scared the white community Scared the white community His views softened after his pilgrimage to Mecca; he left Nation of Islam His views softened after his pilgrimage to Mecca; he left Nation of Islam February 21, 1965, assassinated by three members of the Nation of Islam. February 21, 1965, assassinated by three members of the Nation of Islam. Never supported King’s nonviolent methods: "The white people should thank Dr. King for holding black people in check." Never supported King’s nonviolent methods: "The white people should thank Dr. King for holding black people in check."

56. Stokely Carmichael and “Black Power” “Black Power” “Black Power” Contrast to MLK Contrast to MLK “It is ludicrous for the society to believe that temporary measures can long contain the tempers of an oppressed people. And when the dynamite does go off, pious pronouncements of patience should not go forth…That dynamite was placed there by white racism and it was ignited by white racist indifference and unwillingness to act justly.” “It is ludicrous for the society to believe that temporary measures can long contain the tempers of an oppressed people. And when the dynamite does go off, pious pronouncements of patience should not go forth…That dynamite was placed there by white racism and it was ignited by white racist indifference and unwillingness to act justly.” 1966, CORE and SNCC called for civil rights movement to use only blacks, to staff, finance, and 1966, CORE and SNCC called for civil rights movement to use only blacks, to staff, finance, and Black nationalism Black nationalism Separatism replaced integration as the goal. Separatism replaced integration as the goal. Carmichael later a member of Black Panthers, based in Oakland, and founded by urban revolutionaries Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. a. Revolutionary social movement to organize African American men in northern and western cities to fight for liberation. b. H. Rap Brown another leader of the movement. D. Racial violence 1. Poverty, unemployment, & racial discrimination common in major inner-cities. -- Empty promise of racial equality in the North ignited rage in many African American communities Carmichael later a member of Black Panthers, based in Oakland, and founded by urban revolutionaries Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. a. Revolutionary social movement to organize African American men in northern and western cities to fight for liberation. b. H. Rap Brown another leader of the movement. D. Racial violence 1. Poverty, unemployment, & racial discrimination common in major inner-cities. -- Empty promise of racial equality in the North ignited rage in many African American communities “African-Americans and as black people who are in fact energetic, determined, intelligent, beautiful, and peace-loving”. More concretely, they call for political modernization which necessitates rejecting the middle- class American values that perpetuate racism, founding a third political party apart from the bipartisan system that fails to represent blacks, and finally incorporating more black people into political participation. Black Power as they defined it was not a new or groundbreaking doctrine, but one that previous black leaders had called for on various occasions.” “African-Americans and as black people who are in fact energetic, determined, intelligent, beautiful, and peace-loving”. More concretely, they call for political modernization which necessitates rejecting the middle- class American values that perpetuate racism, founding a third political party apart from the bipartisan system that fails to represent blacks, and finally incorporating more black people into political participation. Black Power as they defined it was not a new or groundbreaking doctrine, but one that previous black leaders had called for on various occasions.”

57. Black Panthers Oakland, California Oakland, California Black Panther Party for Self Defense Black Panther Party for Self Defense Armed Armed Advocated violence Advocated violence Believed in Racial segregation Believed in Racial segregation Contrast to conservative MLK and SCLC Contrast to conservative MLK and SCLC

59. Monday, 4-17  3 Weeks till AP EXAM May 5, 7:30 am  Due:  Reading  Maier Chapter 30 Years of Rage: 1964-1974  Brinkley Chapter 32 Crisis of Authority  Review packets  1800-1824  1824-1850  Practice Multiple Choice AP Exams (2 should have been completed)

60. This Week  Maier  Chapter 31 Conservative Revival 1974-1980  Due April 18 Pages 984- 993  Review packet Due Monday- 1850-1870  Brinkley  Chapter 33 From the Age of Limits to the Age of Reagan  Due April 18 Pages 879- 888  Test on Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Carter this Friday

61. November 22, 1963, Dallas

62. JFK Assassinated November 22, 1963, Dallas Lee Harvey Oswald Lee Harvey Oswald “Lone Gunman” “Lone Gunman” Killed Kennedy then was shot himself by Killed Kennedy then was shot himself by Jack Ruby- Night club owner ties to Mafia Jack Ruby- Night club owner ties to Mafia Conspiracy theories even to this day Conspiracy theories even to this day Chief Justice Earl Warren was appointed to lead an investigation Chief Justice Earl Warren was appointed to lead an investigation The “Warren Commission” found no evidence of Conspiracy… The “Warren Commission” found no evidence of Conspiracy…

63. President Lyndon Baines Johnson LBJ becomes President Nov. 1963 LBJ becomes President Nov. 1963 From Texas From Texas Wheeler Dealer Wheeler Dealer Devious, Cruel, Vindictive Devious, Cruel, Vindictive Generous and Compassionate Generous and Compassionate 26 years in Congress 26 years in Congress Majority Leader in Senate (Dems) Majority Leader in Senate (Dems)

64. LBJ and the Great Society Johnson kept Kennedy’s Cabinet Johnson kept Kennedy’s Cabinet Continued Kennedy’s- “New Frontier” Continued Kennedy’s- “New Frontier” Tax cut- $10 billion tax reduction (Surplus in Budget) Tax cut- $10 billion tax reduction (Surplus in Budget) Civil Rights Act 1964 Civil Rights Act 1964 War on Poverty War on Poverty Extend these to the “Great Society” Extend these to the “Great Society”

65. Great Society Accomplishments 1968 Income ^ 41% Per Capita Income ^ 41% Per Capita Average income $8000 year doubles (1958) Average income $8000 year doubles (1958) Unemployment down to 3.5% Unemployment down to 3.5% Poverty down ½ to 12% of population Poverty down ½ to 12% of population Kennedy’s Tax cut helped Kennedy’s Tax cut helped Expanded Soc. Security- more people enrolled Medicare Medicaid Housing Dependent children Job Corps Head Start Civil Rights Voting Rights Affirmative Action

66. Great Society Part of Election of 1964 Part of Election of 1964 Vision for LBJ’s domestic agenda Vision for LBJ’s domestic agenda Anti-racism Anti-racism Anti-poverty Anti-poverty Pro-equality Pro-equality Included significant government regulation and spending Included significant government regulation and spending

67. Johnson’s View “The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. “The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community. It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community. It is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods.” It is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods.”

68. Great Society Programs to alleviate poverty Programs to alleviate poverty Economic Opportunity Act Economic Opportunity Act Minimum Wage increase $1.25-1.60 Minimum Wage increase $1.25-1.60 Redevelopment of Appalachia Redevelopment of Appalachia Model Cities Act- low income housing, help for the slums (projects) Model Cities Act- low income housing, help for the slums (projects) Education Programs Education Programs Secondary Education Act- funding for schools that serve poor Secondary Education Act- funding for schools that serve poor Higher Education Act Higher Education Act Scholarship $ for low income people Scholarship $ for low income people Head start Head start Civil Rights Civil Rights Voting Rights Act ending poll taxes Voting Rights Act ending poll taxes 24th Amendment 24th Amendment Healthcare Medicare- healthcare for elderly Medicaid- healthcare for indigent, blind, disabled Other Programs: National Endowment for the Humanities- support=$ for the arts Immigration Reform- ended immigration preferences for Europe Regulations Auto Safety Anti-Pollution Clean Air Act Conservation- Red Woods

69. Civil Rights Act 1964 Easy pass in House- Senate filibuster- but passed Easy pass in House- Senate filibuster- but passed Outlawed racial discrimination in public accommodations- interstate commerce, restaurants, hotels… Outlawed racial discrimination in public accommodations- interstate commerce, restaurants, hotels… Prohibited discrimination in employment on basis of race, color, religion, national origin- established Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Prohibited discrimination in employment on basis of race, color, religion, national origin- established Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

70. Executive Order Affirmative Action Affirmative Action Federal government will give preference to employing non-whites Federal government will give preference to employing non-whites And in awarding contracts And in awarding contracts

71. 24 th Amendment (1964) Ends Poll Tax Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax. Caused- 3 x more blacks vote Caused black registration to increase 60% 3.1 million vote

72. Johnson Administration Upheavals Gulf of Tonkin Gulf of Tonkin Tet Offensive 1968 Tet Offensive 1968 Feminism Woodstock Vietnam Quagmire Vietnam Quagmire Walter Cronkite Walter Cronkite Counter Culture Counter Culture LBJ Surprise Speech 1968 LBJ Surprise Speech 1968 Credibility Gap Credibility Gap Mai-Lai Massacre Mai-Lai Massacre Timothy Leary Timothy Leary Election of 1968 Slide 1, 2, 3, 4, 1234 1234 Anti-War Movement Anti-War Movement New Left New Left Kissenger and Peace with Honor Robert F. Kennedy Robert F. Kennedy

73. Gulf of Tonkin 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident: American forces claim to have been attacked by North Vietnamese 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incident: American forces claim to have been attacked by North Vietnamese LBJ reacts by asking Congress for a free hand in protecting American interests Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and gains wide support and a free hand in Vietnam “A Blank Check” LBJ reacts by asking Congress for a free hand in protecting American interests Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and gains wide support and a free hand in Vietnam “A Blank Check” “To take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the U.S. and to prevent further aggression in the area.” “To take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the forces of the U.S. and to prevent further aggression in the area.” Americans build up forces by 1965- 125,000 forces in Vietnam Americans build up forces by 1965- 125,000 forces in Vietnam

74. Vietnam Quagmire Fighting the War was difficult Fighting the War was difficult Counter insurgency war- unconventional- Vietcong infiltrators perpetrate terror and guerrilla fighting. Counter insurgency war- unconventional- Vietcong infiltrators perpetrate terror and guerrilla fighting. US was afraid of provoking Soviets and China to enter the war. US was afraid of provoking Soviets and China to enter the war. No invasion of North Vietnam No invasion of North Vietnam North Vietnamese would not give up and war continued- North Vietnamese would not give up and war continued- No success was insight No success was insight

75. Credibility Gap-Vietnam War begins to drag on War begins to drag on Each night TV shows the War being fought Each night TV shows the War being fought Publicizing the American Body Count- (50 killed today in Vietnam, day after day, 800 per month by 1967) Publicizing the American Body Count- (50 killed today in Vietnam, day after day, 800 per month by 1967) Death, destruction and suffering each night on TV Death, destruction and suffering each night on TV Meanwhile the Government is say the war is being won. Meanwhile the Government is say the war is being won. Americans begin to get tired of the death Americans begin to get tired of the death The media begins to express skepticism The media begins to express skepticism Johnson administration was saying that it was winning the war.- but we clearly were not Johnson administration was saying that it was winning the war.- but we clearly were not

76. Tet Offensive January 1968 Tet is the Vietnamese New Year Tet is the Vietnamese New Year Massive uprising- The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese army attacked in every city in South Vietnam Massive uprising- The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese army attacked in every city in South Vietnam Showed on American TV that US was not in control (contradiction to US Gov line, “we are winning” Showed on American TV that US was not in control (contradiction to US Gov line, “we are winning” Causes more people in US to view the war as a bad idea. Causes more people in US to view the war as a bad idea. Anti-War movement becomes more popular and feeds into more protests Anti-War movement becomes more popular and feeds into more protests

78. Mai Lai Mai Lai Massacre March 1968 Mai Lai American Soldiers Kill innocent Vietnamese women and children American Soldiers Kill innocent Vietnamese women and children My Lai village in S Vietnam, Numerous members of Charlie Company had been maimed or killed in the area during the preceding weeks. My Lai village in S Vietnam, Numerous members of Charlie Company had been maimed or killed in the area during the preceding weeks. Under the command of Lt. William Calley, Under the command of Lt. William Calley,William CalleyWilliam Calley Massacre As the "search and destroy" mission unfolded, it soon degenerated into the massacre of over 300 apparently unarmed civilians including women, children, and the elderly. Massacre As the "search and destroy" mission unfolded, it soon degenerated into the massacre of over 300 apparently unarmed civilians including women, children, and the elderly. Calley ordered his men to enter the village firing, though there had been no report of opposing fire. According to eyewitness reports offered after the event, several old men were bayoneted, praying women and children were shot in the back of the head, and at least one girl was raped and then killed. For his part, Calley was said to have rounded up a group of the villagers, ordered them into a ditch, and mowed them down in a fury of machine gun fire. Calley ordered his men to enter the village firing, though there had been no report of opposing fire. According to eyewitness reports offered after the event, several old men were bayoneted, praying women and children were shot in the back of the head, and at least one girl was raped and then killed. For his part, Calley was said to have rounded up a group of the villagers, ordered them into a ditch, and mowed them down in a fury of machine gun fire. Becomes a national disgrace Becomes a national disgrace A black eye for the Johnson Administration, feeds into Anti-War criticism A black eye for the Johnson Administration, feeds into Anti-War criticism

80. War Protests Begin 1967-Continue through Nixon 1973 More and more troops to Vietnam, 500k by 1968 More and more troops to Vietnam, 500k by 1968 Draftees- draft protests emerge Draftees- draft protests emerge Community leaders- Dr. Spock, Catholic church Community leaders- Dr. Spock, Catholic church Students in the Universities Students in the Universities Argue: Vietnam is a Civil War, Argue: Vietnam is a Civil War, Not important to American interests Not important to American interests Ho Chi Minh was a Nationalist Ho Chi Minh was a Nationalist Muhammad Ali- protested the war and draft- Refused to go, Conscientious Objector Muhammad Ali- protested the war and draft- Refused to go, Conscientious Objector Kent State Protest- 4 students killed in Ohio, May 1970 Kent State Protest- 4 students killed in Ohio, May 1970

82. Walter Cronkite “The Most Trusted Man in America” CBS news Anchor Man- very influential for middle America CBS news Anchor Man- very influential for middle America Suggested that the War was not winnable Suggested that the War was not winnable Causes more people to criticize the War and Johnson to lose much popularity Causes more people to criticize the War and Johnson to lose much popularity “It seems now more certain than ever that the bloody experience in Vietnam is to end in Stalemate and that the only rational way out will be to negotiate.” “It seems now more certain than ever that the bloody experience in Vietnam is to end in Stalemate and that the only rational way out will be to negotiate.”

83. New Left- Liberal Activists Anti- war movement Anti- war movement Tom Hayden Tom Hayden Students for a Democratic Society Students for a Democratic Society

84. Counter Culture- The Generation Gap 18-25 year olds 18-25 year olds ½ of the 18 year olds are in college ½ of the 18 year olds are in college Reject traditional culture- Reject traditional culture- Experience the drug culture Experience the drug culture Freedom lifestyle Freedom lifestyle

85. Timothy Leary Harvard psychology professor advocated LSD. “Drop out, Turn on and Tune in.” believed LSD was a way to raise levels of consciousness. Harvard psychology professor advocated LSD. “Drop out, Turn on and Tune in.” believed LSD was a way to raise levels of consciousness. Beatles reflect these Counter Culture attitudes Beatles reflect these Counter Culture attitudes Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds Grateful Dead: Grateful Dead:

86. Counter Culture Meets Mainstream Hair Theater production reflected both counter culture and the anti-war movement (story of a boy befriended by Hippies before he is drafted) Hair Theater production reflected both counter culture and the anti-war movement (story of a boy befriended by Hippies before he is drafted) Easy Rider Movie about Hippie drug smugglers- reflects the counter culture movement of freedom, communes, rejection of traditional values and conflict with mainstream values. Easy Rider Movie about Hippie drug smugglers- reflects the counter culture movement of freedom, communes, rejection of traditional values and conflict with mainstream values. Woodstock rock n roll festival- in up state New York. 400,000 young people seem to reflect counter culture movement Woodstock rock n roll festival- in up state New York. 400,000 young people seem to reflect counter culture movement

87. Extremism Counter Culture Charles Manson- lifetime criminal living the hippie lifestyle, creates a cult like environment and some of his followers kill 9 people, in Los Angeles area, scares mainstream public of excess of counter culture. Charles Manson- lifetime criminal living the hippie lifestyle, creates a cult like environment and some of his followers kill 9 people, in Los Angeles area, scares mainstream public of excess of counter culture.

88. Feminism Women’s Movement emerges- 1960s Women’s Movement emerges- 1960s Women were 50% of US population Women were 50% of US population 7% doctors, 4% lawyers, paid less, 7% doctors, 4% lawyers, paid less, Low representation in managerial and professional careers Low representation in managerial and professional careers 36% worked, many with kids 36% worked, many with kids Betty Friedan- activist and author, wrote The Feminine Mystique-had a great impact on women of the 60’s and 70’s Book identified cultural stereotypes about women: Passive, subordinate, suited to domestic role and children Friedan said this was wrong and women needed to find their own identity Created- National Organization for Women (NOW) called for Women’s rights and equal opportunity, and affirmative action

89. LBJ Surprise Speech March 1968 LBJ under increased criticism and hostility from diverse parts of American society LBJ under increased criticism and hostility from diverse parts of American society After Tet, after continued protests, and after Mai Lai… Johnson believes he will not be reelected, and wanted to focus on the a negotiated settlement of the conflict. After Tet, after continued protests, and after Mai Lai… Johnson believes he will not be reelected, and wanted to focus on the a negotiated settlement of the conflict. “With America's sons in the fields far away, with America's future under challenge right here at home, with our hopes and the world's hopes for peace in the balance every day, I do not believe that I should devote an hour or a day of my time to any personal partisan causes or to any duties other than the awesome duties of this office--the Presidency of your country. “With America's sons in the fields far away, with America's future under challenge right here at home, with our hopes and the world's hopes for peace in the balance every day, I do not believe that I should devote an hour or a day of my time to any personal partisan causes or to any duties other than the awesome duties of this office--the Presidency of your country. Accordingly, I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President. Accordingly, I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President. But let men everywhere know, however, that a strong, a confident, and a vigilant America stands ready tonight to seek an honorable peace--and stands ready tonight to defend an honored cause--whatever the price, whatever the burden, whatever the sacrifice that duty may require.” But let men everywhere know, however, that a strong, a confident, and a vigilant America stands ready tonight to seek an honorable peace--and stands ready tonight to defend an honored cause--whatever the price, whatever the burden, whatever the sacrifice that duty may require.”

90. Election of 1968 (Slide #1) LBJ chose not to Run LBJ chose not to Run Early in the campaign Democrats found: Early in the campaign Democrats found: Eugene McCarthy- Senator Minnesota anti-war platform popular with young people Eugene McCarthy- Senator Minnesota anti-war platform popular with young people Robert F. Kennedy- Senator for New York becomes very popular Robert F. Kennedy- Senator for New York becomes very popular Would have won (Assassinated) Would have won (Assassinated) After RFK is assassinated Hubert Humphrey, the conservative Democratic, V.P. to Johnson wins the nomination and runs for president.

91. George Wallace Independent 1968 Racist from Alabama Racist from Alabama Runs with Curtis “Bomb’em back to the Stone age” LeMay Runs with Curtis “Bomb’em back to the Stone age” LeMay Segregation platform Segregation platform Wallace shot in 1972 race for president Wallace shot in 1972 race for president

92. 1968 Election Results Republicans Nominate Republicans Nominate Richard Nixon Richard Nixon And VP Spiro Agnew (1973, will later resign for being indicted for corruption /bribery when he was a Governor of Maryland) And VP Spiro Agnew (1973, will later resign for being indicted for corruption /bribery when he was a Governor of Maryland) Platform promises to end War in Vietnam with “Secret Plan” Platform promises to end War in Vietnam with “Secret Plan” “Peace with honor” “Peace with honor”

94. RFK Assassination Winning the primary elections 1968 Winning the primary elections 1968 Was shot and killed in California, Los Angeles Was shot and killed in California, Los Angeles By Sirhan Sirhan- Palestinian protestor By Sirhan Sirhan- Palestinian protestor To protest American support for Israel To protest American support for Israel

95. Kissinger Peace With Honor #1 Nixon began to call for negotiations to continue with the North Vietnamese (Johnson had been negotiating prior to 1969) Nixon began to call for negotiations to continue with the North Vietnamese (Johnson had been negotiating prior to 1969) He wanted to withdraw troops from Vietnam and force a negotiated settlement- He wanted to withdraw troops from Vietnam and force a negotiated settlement- Henry Kissinger- Nixon’s National Security Advisor and later Secretary of State- worked to end American involvement in the Vietnam War Henry Kissinger- Nixon’s National Security Advisor and later Secretary of State- worked to end American involvement in the Vietnam War Vietnamization- the transfer of the majority of fighting to the South Vietnamese Vietnamization- the transfer of the majority of fighting to the South Vietnamese Vietnam did not accommodate American desires to negotiate- so he began a strong/strongest bombing campaign Vietnam did not accommodate American desires to negotiate- so he began a strong/strongest bombing campaign Meanwhile he began to withdraw troops in 1969 (60,000) Meanwhile he began to withdraw troops in 1969 (60,000) By 1972 there were about 60,000 left in Vietnam By 1972 there were about 60,000 left in Vietnam

96. Kissinger Gets a Negotiated Settlement Kissinger and Nixon force Vietnamese to give more in negotiations by expanding the Bombing campaign into Laos and Cambodia (the Ho Chi Minh Trail) Kissinger and Nixon force Vietnamese to give more in negotiations by expanding the Bombing campaign into Laos and Cambodia (the Ho Chi Minh Trail) Still no progress, 1970 Nixon orders American troops into Laos and Cambodia expanding the war… Causing a revival of the Anti-War movement. (Kent State tragedy occurs as a result) Still no progress, 1970 Nixon orders American troops into Laos and Cambodia expanding the war… Causing a revival of the Anti-War movement. (Kent State tragedy occurs as a result) Finally- more bombing in the North causes the North Vietnamese to negotiate- Finally- more bombing in the North causes the North Vietnamese to negotiate- October 26, 1972 days before the Presidential election, Kissinger announced “Peace is at hand” a tentative agreement was reached October 26, 1972 days before the Presidential election, Kissinger announced “Peace is at hand” a tentative agreement was reached After the election negotiations break down again and more bombing- “Christmas Bombing”- strongest bombing campaign of the War After the election negotiations break down again and more bombing- “Christmas Bombing”- strongest bombing campaign of the War In 1973, The War would end for the US, but not for the South- Saigon falls in 1975. Vietnam is united and communist. In 1973, The War would end for the US, but not for the South- Saigon falls in 1975. Vietnam is united and communist.