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World History: Connection to Today

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1 World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 35 South Asia and the Middle East (1945–Present) Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2 World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 35: South Asia and the Middle East (1945–Present) Section 1: Nations of South Asia Section 2: Forces Shaping the Modern Middle East Section 3: Nation Building in the Middle East: Three Case Studies Section 4: The Middle East and the World Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

3 Nations of South Asia Why was India partitioned?
1 Nations of South Asia Why was India partitioned? How has India dealt with political, economic, and social change? What problems did Pakistan and Bangladesh face? How is South Asia linked to world affairs?

4 Why Was India Partitioned?
1 After World War II, Britain finally agreed to Indian demand for independence. Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan. Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to partition, or divide, the subcontinent. In 1947, British officials created Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence erupted in Northern India. Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million people, including Mohandas Gandhi, were killed. Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim tensions persisted.

5 1 Partition of India, 1947

6 Cause and Effect: Partition of India
1 Cause and Effect: Partition of India Long-Term Causes Short-Term Causes Effects Connections to Today Muslim conquest of northern India in 1100s British imperialism in India Nationalists organize the Indian National Congress in 1885 Muslim nationalists form separate Muslim League in 1906 World War II weakens European colonial empires Pressure from Indian nationalists increases Insistence by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League that Muslims have their own state Rioting between Hindus and Muslims throughout northern India Violence erupts as millions of Hindus and Muslims cross the border between India and Pakistan Gandhi is assassinated by Hindu extremists India and Pakistan become centers of Cold War rivalry Establishment of the state of Bangladesh Continuing clash between India and Pakistan over Kashmir Nuclear arms race as both India and Pakistan refuse to sign Non-Proliferation Treaty

7 India: Political, Economic, and Social Change
1 India: Political, Economic, and Social Change POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL India’s constitution set up a federal system. For 40 years after independence, the Nehru family led India. India’s size and diversity have contributed to religious and regional divisions. Today, India is the world’s largest democratic nation. India adopted a socialist model to expand agriculture and industry. Rapid population growth hurt efforts to improve living conditions. An economic slowdown forced India to privatize some industries and make foreign investment easier. Urbanization undermined some traditions, but most Indians continued to live in villages. The government tried to end discrimination based on caste. However, deep prejudice continued.

8 Pakistan and Bangladesh
1 PAKISTAN BANGLADESH After independence, military leaders seized power and ruled as dictators. When civilian leaders were finally elected, the military continued to intervene. The country lacked natural resources for industry. Ethnic rivalries fueled conflicts. Severe economic problems and corruption plagued the government. Forty percent of the nation’s budget goes to repaying foreign debt. In 1971, Bengalis declared independence for Bangladesh. Geography has made it difficult to rise out of poverty. Explosive population growth has further strained resources. Since the early 1990s, civilian governments have worked to encourage foreign investments.

9 How is South Asia Linked to World Affairs?
1 How is South Asia Linked to World Affairs? India and Pakistan achieved their independence as the Cold War began. Pakistan accepted military aid from the United States, while India signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union. When the Cold War ended, both India and Pakistan sought aid from the western powers. Regional conflicts bred global concern after both India and Pakistan acquired nuclear weapons.

10 1 Section 1 Assessment Which of the following was an effect of the partition of India? a) British imperialism in India b) World War II c) establishment of the state of Bangladesh d) the organization of the Indian National Congress Which of the following was not a challenge facing Pakistan after independence? a) lack of natural resources b) government corruption c) ethnic tensions d) failed socialist economic policies Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

11 1 Section 1 Assessment Which of the following was an effect of the partition of India? a) British imperialism in India b) World War II c) establishment of the state of Bangladesh d) the organization of the Indian National Congress Which of the following was not a challenge facing Pakistan after independence? a) lack of natural resources b) government corruption c) ethnic tensions d) failed socialist economic policies Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

12 Forces Shaping the Modern Middle East
2 How have diversity and nationalism shaped the Middle East? What political and economic patterns have emerged? Why has an Islamic revival spread across the region? How do women’s lives vary in the Middle East?

13 Diversity and Nationalism
2 DIVERSITY NATIONALISM Most people in the Middle East today are Muslims, but Jews and Christians still live there. Middle Eastern people speak more than 30 different languages. Every country is home to minority groups. Muslims share the same faith but belong to different national groups. Often, such differences have created divisions. After World War I, Arab nationalists opposed the mandate system that placed Arab territories under European control. The Pan-Arab dream of a united Arab state foundered, but the Arab League continued to promote Arab solidarity.

14 Political and Economic Patterns
2 GOVERNMENT OIL Most Middle Eastern nations developed authoritarian governments. Oil-rich nations built roads, hospitals, and schools. Poorer countries lacked the capital needed for development. WATER ECONOMICS Most of the region has limited rainfall. Oil-rich countries have built desalinization plants. Individual nations have built dams to supply water. Nations must seek ways to use water cooperatively. Some nations turned to socialism to end foreign economic control and modernize rapidly. To get capital, governments took foreign loans. Heavy borrowing left many nations deeply in debt.

15 World Crude Oil Production
2 World Crude Oil Production

16 Water Resources in the Middle East
2 Water Resources in the Middle East

17 Islamic Revival 2 For more than 1,300 years, the Quran and Sharia provided guidance on all aspects of life. During the Age of Imperialism, westerners urged Muslim nations to modernize and to adopt western forms of secular government and law. Some Middle Eastern leaders adopted western models of development, promising economic progress and social justice. By the 1970s, in the face of failed development and repressive regimes, many Muslim leaders called for a return to Sharia. Islamic reformers, called fundamentalists by the West, did not reject modernization, but they did reject westernization.

18 Women in the Muslim World
2 Women in the Muslim World Conditions for women vary greatly from country to country in the modern Middle East. Since the 1950s, women in most countries have won voting rights and equality before the law. In other countries, though, laws and traditions emerged that limited women’s right to vote, work, or even drive cars. The changes have taken place at different rates in different places: In Turkey, Syria, and Egypt, many urban women gave up long-held practices such as wearing hejab, or cover. Conservative countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran have opposed the spread of western secular influences among women.

19 2 Section 2 Assessment In 1995, what percentage of crude oil was produced by OPEC nations? a) 10 percent b) 100 percent c) 61 percent d) 59 percent Islamic fundamentalists largely rejected a) modernization b) westernization c) desalinization d) Pan-Arabism. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

20 2 Section 2 Assessment In 1995, what percentage of crude oil was produced by OPEC nations? a) 10 percent b) 100 percent c) 61 percent d) 59 percent Islamic fundamentalists largely rejected a) modernization b) westernization c) desalinization d) Pan-Arabism. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

21 Nation Building in the Middle East: Three Case Studies
3 Nation Building in the Middle East: Three Case Studies What issues has Turkey faced? Why was Egypt a leader in the Arab world? What were the causes and results of the revolution in Iran?

22 What Issues Has Turkey Faced?
3 At the beginning of the Cold War, the Soviets tried to expand southward into Turkey. Turkey struggled to build a stable government. Modernization and urbanization brought social turmoil. In 1999, a series of powerful earthquakes shook western Turkey, including major industrial areas. Kurdish nationalists fought for autonomy. Turkey waged a long struggle over Cyprus. Turkey was divided politically, with secular politicians on one side and Islamic reformers on the other.

23 Nasser Out of dissatisfaction came 1952 military coup led by 34-year old colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser; forced King Farouk out of power Nasser, followers abolished monarchy, created single government party, undertook ambitious land reform program to gain support among poor Suez Crisis Nasser became most important figure in Arab world after confrontation with Britain, France, Israel over Suez Canal Suez Crisis had roots in politics of the Cold War After Nasser came to power, refused to join Baghdad Pact, U.S.-led alliance against communism in Middle East 23

24 Egypt: A Leader in the Arab World
3 In the 1950s, Gamal Abdel Nasser set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination. He: nationalized the Suez Canal led two wars against Israel employed socialist economic policies, which had limited success built the Aswan High Dam Anwar Sadat came to power in the 1970s. He: opened Egypt to foreign investment and private business became the first Arab leader to make peace with Israel Sadat’s successor, Hosni Mubarak: reaffirmed the peace with Israel mended fences with his Arab neighbors faced serious domestic problems

25 Conflict in Iran When Mohammad Reza Pahlavi became shah of Iran in 1941, British and Russian troops occupied parts of his country. British-run company also controlled Iran’s profitable oil industry, kept most of profits Iranian nationalists determined to take control of country’s oil resources, reduce power of shah, establish constitutional monarchy Nationalists led by Mohammad Mosaddeq, opponent of foreign influence in Iran Conflict in Iran 1951, Iranian parliament named Mosaddeq prime minister, voted to nationalize oil industry Britain, U.S. called for boycott of Iranian oil, preventing Iran from selling much on world market Mosaddeq worked to reduce power of monarchy and placed army forces under control of government Mosaddeq 25

26 Coups Military Coup Mosaddeq Overthrown Reforms Reforms Opposed
Many military officers upset with reforms, joined coup to replace Mosaddeq Coup supported by U.S., Britain Mosaddeq Overthrown Coup successful Mosaddeq overthrown, shah returned to power Reforms Shah began ambitious program of reforms, including land and literacy, women’s rights Iran’s industry, education, health care improved Reforms Opposed Shah continued to rule with iron hand, secret police Reforms opposed by conservatives as moving away from traditional Islamic values 26

27 Iran’s Ongoing Revolution
3 Because of its vast oil fields, Iran became a focus of western interests. In 1945, western powers backed Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, despite opposition from Iranian nationalists. In the 1970s, the shah’s enemies rallied behind Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who condemned western influences and accused the shah of violating Islamic law. The shah was forced into exile and Khomeini’s supporters proclaimed an Islamic Republic. Revolutionaries bitterly denounced the West. They attacked corruption, replaced secular courts with religious ones, dismantled women’s rights, and banned everything western. While, at first, they allowed some open discussion, before long they were suppressing opponents.

28 Khomeini’s Reign Khomeini’s Reign American Hostages
Under Khomeini, government suppressed political opposition, enforced strict social religious values Foreign policy strongly anti-Western, especially after shah went to U.S. for medical treatment Khomeini’s Reign 1979, Iranian revolutionaries seized U.S. embassy in Tehran, took 66 Americans hostage Iranians demanded shah be returned to Iran, stand trial Shah left U.S., but Iranians held hostages until January, 1981 American Hostages 28

29 3 Section 3 Assessment Which nation fought a long struggle over Cyprus? a) Turkey b) Iran c) Iraq d) Egypt Who nationalized the Suez Canal? a) Hosni Mubarak b) Anwar Sadat c) Gamal Abdel Nasser d) Ayatollah Khomeini Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

30 3 Section 3 Assessment Which nation fought a long struggle over Cyprus? a) Turkey b) Iran c) Iraq d) Egypt Who nationalized the Suez Canal? a) Hosni Mubarak b) Anwar Sadat c) Gamal Abdel Nasser d) Ayatollah Khomeini Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

31 The Middle East and the World
4 The Middle East and the World How did the Cold War increase tensions in the Middle East? Why has the Arab-Israeli conflict been difficult to resolve? Why did conflicts arise in Lebanon and the Persian Gulf?

32 CH 34: Section 4 – “Israel Becomes a State” Text p. 902; Packet p.
The Palestinian state the U.N. had planned for the Palestinians never came into being. Israel seized half that land in this first war. Egypt took control of the Gaza Strip, Jordan took the West Bank. Thousands of Palestinians had to flee out of the areas now under Jewish control and found themselves homeless and living in U.N.-sponsored refugee camps. The U.N. recommends the partition of Palestine into one Palestinian state and one Jewish state; sympathy for Jews after the Holocaust helped generate increased Zionist support. 2. An independent state of Israel is created The next day after Israel announced its independence, six Arab states – Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria – invaded Israel. UNITED NATIONS Outbreak of full-scale Arab-Israeli war. Israel would depend on strong American support in this war and future wars with its Arab neighbors. T. Loessin; Akins H.S. T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

33 The Cold War and the Middle East
4 The Cold War and the Middle East During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union sought access to the oil and waterways of the Middle East. Superpower rivalries had a far-reaching impact on the region. In their global rivalry, each of the superpowers tried to line up allies in the Middle East. Each superpower sold arms to its ally in the region. In the Arab-Israeli conflict, the United States helped Israel, while the Soviet Union gave aid to the Arabs. During and after the Cold War, the development of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East became a global concern.

34 Conflicts with Israel Expansion of Israel
1948, Israel established; since then most Middle Eastern countries have refused to recognize its right to exist Some countries have repeatedly attacked Israel, funded militant groups that conduct raids, terrorist attacks against Israelis Expansion of Israel Series of wars between Israel, neighbors has led to expansion of Israel Israel controls more land now than in 1948 when created Result: many Palestinian Arabs live under Israeli control; another source of tension, conflict in region 34

35 The Arab-Israeli Conflict
The Arab-Israeli conflict that began in 1948 has continued through the years. In 1967 and again in 1973, war erupted. Six years after the 1973 war, Egypt and Israel singed a peace agreement, but unrest among Palestinian Arabs in Israel remained a major problem. 1967, Egypt demanded UN remove troops from Gaza, Sinai Peninsula Egyptian troops moved into Sinai to close off Gulf of Aqaba, Israel’s route to Red Sea War in 1967, 1973 Israel expected large-scale Arab attack, decided to strike first Launched air strikes against Egypt, Syria, Jordan; destroyed most of airplanes on ground Ground troops moved in, defeated Arabs Israeli Attacks In Six-Day War Israel took control of Golan Heights, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, East Jerusalem Took control of land in West Bank, Gaza with large Palestinian population Six-Day War 35

36 Egypt Strikes Back Yom Kippur War U.S. Support Oil Embargo
Egypt, Syria determined to win territory back, launched Yom Kippur War, surprise attack against Israel in 1973 Took name from Jewish holy day when attack began U.S. Support At first Arab troops made gains in war; Israeli’s government, led by Golda Meir, not fully prepared for attack; needed military support from U.S. With support, Israeli forces regrouped, pushed back Egyptian, Syrian armies Oil Embargo Both sides agreed to cease-fire after weeks of fighting During war, Arab members of OPEC declared oil embargo against countries supporting Israel Price of oil around world rose dramatically as result of refusal to sell oil 36

37 A Peace Agreement Camp David Peace Treaty
Until the late 1970s, no Arab nation had recognized Israel’s right to exist. 1977, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat made momentous declaration: Egypt wanted peace with Israel U.S. president Jimmy Carter invited Sadat, Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin to Camp David, presidential retreat in Maryland Camp David 1978, Sadat, Begin reached agreement known as Camp David Accords Egypt recognized Israel; Israel returned Sinai Peninsula to Egypt Treaty ended 30 years hostility between Egypt, Israel Peace Treaty 37

38 4 Arab-Israeli Issues After years of fighting and negotiations, peace in Israel remains an elusive goal. A number of specific issues continue to divide the two sides. Palestinians demanded the right to return to lands they fled during the Arab Israeli wars. Many Israelis insisted on the survival of Israeli settlements that had been built on these occupied lands. Palestinians demanded that part of Jerusalem become the capital of a future Palestinian nation. Israeli conservatives insisted that Jerusalem remain undivided as the capital of Israel.

39 Palestinian Nationalism Palestinian Resentment
Palestinian Unrest Egypt, Israel made peace; Palestinian Arabs continued struggle for nationhood 1947 UN partition plan had called for two states in Palestine—a Jewish state, an Arab state After 1948 Arab-Israeli war, land set aside for Arab state occupied by Israel, Egypt, Jordan 1964, Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) formed Pledged to destroy Israel, replace with Palestinian state 1969, Yasser Arafat became leader, PLO launched guerilla attacks against Israel Palestinian Nationalism In effort to stop attacks, Israel invaded Lebanon, 1978 and 1982 Tensions building also in West Bank, Gaza where Israel had begun building settlements 1987, Palestinian resentment began rebellion called intifada Palestinian Resentment 39

40 Sequence of events in the Arab-Israeli conflict
1967: Six-Day War 1973: Yom Kippur War 1978: Camp David Accords 1987: intifada 1993: Oslo Accords 2000: second intifada 2005: Israel withdraws from Gaza 40

41 Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948 – 1995

42 4 Civil War in Lebanon In the 1970s, the Arab-Israeli conflict fueled tensions in nearby Lebanon. The Muslim population began to increase, disturbing the balance among Maronites (a Christian sect) and Sunni and Shiite Muslims. This led to unrest. Palestinian refugees entering Lebanon from occupied territories strained resources. PLO guerrillas in refugee camps in Lebanon crossed into Israel to attack civilian and military targets. In 1975, Lebanon was plunged into seemingly endless civil war. Christian and Muslim militias battled for control of Beirut, the capital city. Israel invaded the south, while Syria occupied eastern Lebanon. By 1990, Lebanese leaders finally restored some measure of order.

43 Wars in the Persian Gulf
4 Wars in the Persian Gulf Border disputes, oil wealth, foreign intervention, and ambitious rulers fed tensions along the Persian Gulf. In 1980, Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein invaded Iran. The resulting war dragged on for eight years, ending in a stalemate. For both nations, the human and economic toll was enormous. In 1990, Iraqi troops invaded the oil-rich nation of Kuwait. In the Gulf War, the United States organized a coalition of American, European, and Arab powers to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait.

44 Conflict in Iraq Iran-Iraq War Persian Gulf War
As Iran’s new government was dealing with the hostage crisis, it found itself at war with its neighbor, Iraq. 1980, Iraq attacked Iran because of border disputes Also Iran called for revolution among Iraq’s Shiite population War long, costly; as many as 500,000 dead on both sides Iraq used chemical weapons 1988, both sides agreed to cease-fire Iran-Iraq War After cease-fire, Saddam Hussein continued to build up Iraq’s military; already had largest army in Arab world 1990, Iraq accused neighboring Kuwait of drilling into Iraqi oil field, stealing oil Hussein used this as excuse to invade Kuwait Persian Gulf War 44

45 Wars in the Persian Gulf, 1980 – 1991
4 Wars in the Persian Gulf, 1980 – 1991

46 Sanctions In effort to end Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, UN passed economic sanctions against Iraq; sanctions failed Result: U.S.-led coalition launched Persian Gulf War Attacked Iraqi forces in Kuwait; Kuwait freed within weeks Weapons After war, UN continued economic sanctions, insisted Iraq destroy chemical, biological weapons, agree not to develop nuclear weapons Inspectors had been sent to verify Iraq’s weapons had been destroyed Iraq failed to fully cooperate with UN weapons inspectors 46

47 4 Section 4 Assessment Which region was granted limited self-rule in 1994? a) Jerusalem b) the Sinai Peninsula c) the Golan Heights d) the Gaza Strip In 1980, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded a) Kuwait b) Iran c) Israel d) Lebanon. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

48 4 Section 4 Assessment Which region was granted limited self-rule in 1994? a) Jerusalem b) the Sinai Peninsula c) the Golan Heights d) the Gaza Strip In 1980, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded a) Kuwait b) Iran c) Israel d) Lebanon. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

49 Excerpts from The British White Paper (1939)
His Majesty's Government… now declare unequivocally that it is not part of their policy that Palestine should become a Jewish State. They would indeed regard it as contrary to their obligations to the Arabs under the Mandate, as well as to the assurances which have been given to the Arab people in the past, that the Arab population of Palestine should be made the subjects of a Jewish State against their will. The objective of His Majesty's Government is the establishment within 10 years of an independent Palestine State in such treaty relations with the United Kingdom as will provide satisfactorily for the commercial and strategic requirements of both countries in the future. The independent State should be one in which Arabs and Jews share government in such a way as to ensure that the essential interests of each community are safeguarded.

50 The “Balfour Declaration” (Nov. 2, 1917)
Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. “His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.” I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely, Arthur James Balfour

51 The UN Partition Plan (UNGA Resolution 181, Nov. 29, 1947)

52 Land ownership/use is reversed
through unlawful taking of private & communal property and annexation 1947 (Mandate Palestine) 90% Palestinian (private, communal) 7% Jewish (Zionist agencies, private) 2008 (Israel & OPT) 80% Israeli = Jewish (state, Zionist agencies, private) Up to 70% of Palestinian land in occupied WB expropriated/use restricted


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