1. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Karl Byrand, University of Wisconsin-Sheboygan Contemporary Human Geography, 2e Lectures Chapter 8 Political Geography

2. 8.1 A World of States State An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs Sovereignty A state having control over its internal affairs without interference from other states © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. 8.1 A World of States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. MEMBERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. 8.1 A World of States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. GROWTH IN UN MEMBERSHIP © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. 8.1 A World of States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. KOSOVO: A SOVEREIGN STATE? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. 8.1 A World of States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. TAIWAN: A SOVEREIGN STATE? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. 8.2 Ancient States Ancient states Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia City-state A sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside Egypt Ancient Greece © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. 8.2 Ancient States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. FERTILE CRESCENT © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. 8.2 Ancient States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ANCIENT ATHENS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 8.2 Ancient States European States Roman Empire: Controlled most of Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia from modern day Spain to Iran and from Egypt to England. Collapsed in fifth century because of attacks and internal disputes. European portion fragmented into estates. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. 8.2 Ancient States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ANCIENT ROME © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. 8.2 Ancient States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ROMAN EMPIRE IN A.D. 100 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. 8.2 Ancient States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. HADRIAN’S WALL © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. 8.2 Ancient States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. EUROPE IN 1300 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States Self-determination The right of ethnic groups to govern themselves within sovereign states Nation state A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States Nation states in Europe Nineteenth- and twentieth-century transformation Denmark: Example of a nation-state Territory occupied by the Danish ethnicity closely cooresponds to the state. Southern boundary with Germany does not divide German and Danish ethnic groups precisely. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. DENMARK © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States Nation states in Europe Germany Boundaries altered twice after WWI and WWII. Collapse of Communism in Europe, German Democratic Republic - German Federal Republic. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. NATION-STATES IN EUROPE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States Multinational states Contain two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self determination Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. STATES IN THE FORMER U.S.S.R. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States Three Baltic states Estonia Latvia Lithuania © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ETHNICITIES IN FORMER U.S.S.R © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States Three European states Belarus Moldova Ukraine © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ETHNICITIES IN FORMER U.S.S.R © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States Five Central Asian states Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ETHNICITIES IN FORMER U.S.S.R © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States Three Caucasus states Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ETHNICITIES IN FORMER U.S.S.R © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States Russia is now the world’s largest multinational state. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ETHNICITIES IN FORMER U.S.S.R © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States Korea: one state or two? Divided into two occupation zones after defeat of Japan in WWII. Two Korean Governments Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) Republic of Korea ( South Korea) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic) Considered a sovereign state Morocco claims the territory © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. WESTERN SAHARA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States Polar regions: many claims Antarctica—only large land mass on Earth that’s not a state. Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom have made overlapping claims. U.S. and Russia do not recognize the claims of any country to Antarctica. 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Permits countries to make claims in the Arctic until 2009. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. NATIONAL CLAIMS TO ANTARCTICA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

37. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. NATIONAL CLAIMS TO THE ARCTIC © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

38. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States The Law of the Sea: Signed by 158 countries Disputes taken to a Tribunal for the Law of the Sea or International Court of Justice © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

39. 8.4 Challenges in Defining States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. LAW OF THE SEA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

40. 8.5 Colonies Colony A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent European colonies Colonialism The effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

41. 8.5 Colonies European colonies: motives Promotion of Christianity Resource extraction Establishment of political power “God, glory, and gold” UK and France largest colonizers © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

42. 8.5 Colonies © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, 1914 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

43. 8.5 Colonies © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, 2011 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

44. 8.5 Colonies Remaining colonies 68 places globally (U.S. State Department) Entities not included as colonies by entities other than the State Department Greenland Hong Kong Macao © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

45. 8.5 Colonies © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, 2011 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

46. 8.5 Colonies Remaining colonies Entities considered as colonies by other entities but not by the State Department Lord Howe Island (Australia) Ascension Island (Great Britain) Easter Island (Chile) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

47. 8.5 Colonies © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, 2011 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

48. 8.6 Shapes of States Elongated states: potential isolation States that have long narrow shapes Malawi Gambia © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

49. 8.6 Shapes of States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. GAMBIA: AN ELONGATED STATE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

50. 8.6 Shapes of States Fragmented states: problematic States that include several discontinuous pieces of territory Tanzania Angola © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

51. 8.6 Shapes of States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ANGOLA: A FRAGMENTED STATE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

52. 8.6 Shapes of States Prorupted states: access or disruption States with large projecting extensions Created because: Access to resources Congo To separate two states Namibia Caprivi Strip © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

53. 8.6 Shapes of States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. CONGO AND NAMIBIA: PRORUPTED STATES © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

54. 8.6 Shapes of States Compact states: efficient Distance from center to boundary in any direction does not vary by much Burundi Rwanda Uganda Kenya © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

55. 8.6 Shapes of States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: SEVERAL COMPACT STATES © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

56. 8.6 Shapes of States Landlocked states No direct outlet to the sea Lesotho Zambia Botswana Zimbabwe © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

57. 8.6 Shapes of States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: SEVERAL LANDLOCKED STATES © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

58. 8.6 Shapes of States Perforated states: completely surrounded A state that completely surrounds another state South Africa and Lesotho © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

59. 8.6 Shapes of States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SOUTH AFRICA: A PERFORATED STATE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

60. 8.7 Boundaries Boundary An invisible line marking the extent of a state’s territory © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

61. 8.7 Boundaries Physical boundaries Desert boundaries Mountain boundaries Water boundaries © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

62. 8.7 Boundaries © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

63. 8.7 Boundaries Cultural boundaries Geometric boundaries Ethnic boundaries © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

64. 8.7 Boundaries © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. GEOMETRIC BOUNDARY: UNITED STATES AND CANADA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

65. 8.7 Boundaries Cultural boundaries Ethnic boundaries Geometric boundaries © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

66. 8.7 Boundaries © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ETHNIC BOUNDARY: GREEK AND TURKISH CYPRUS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

67. 8.7 Boundaries Frontiers A zone where no state exercises complete political control Historically, frontiers separated states. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

68. 8.7 Boundaries © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. FRONTIERS: ARABIAN PENINSULA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

69. 8.8 Governing States National government Local government Autocracy A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people Anocracy A country that is not fully democratic nor fully autocratic Displays a mix of the two types of government © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

70. 8.8 Governing States National government regimes Democratic Autocratic Anocratic © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

71. 8.8 Governing States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. REGIME TYPE, 2010 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

72. 8.8 Governing States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND AUTOCRACY © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

73. 8.8 Governing States Trend towards democracy © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. DEMOCRACY TREND © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

74. 8.8 Governing States Local government: unitary state Unitary state Allocates most power to the federal government Local governments have relatively little power © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

75. 8.8 Governing States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. UNITARY STATE © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

76. 8.8 Governing States Local government: federal state Federal state Strong powers are allocated to units of local government © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

77. 8.9 Electoral Geography Gerrymandering Redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

78. 8.9 Electoral Geography © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. THE ORIGINAL GERRYMANDER CARTOON © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

79. 8.9 Electoral Geography “Wasted vote” gerrymandering © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. “WASTED VOTE” GERRYMANDERING © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

80. 8.9 Electoral Geography © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. “Excess vote” gerrymandering “EXCESS VOTE” GERRYMANDERING © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

81. 8.9 Electoral Geography “Stacked vote” gerrymandering © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. “STACKED VOTE” GERRYMANDERING © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

82. 8.9 Electoral Geography © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. NO GERRYMANDERING: IOWA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

83. 8.9 Electoral Geography © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. GERRYMANDERING NEVADA: TWO PROPOSALS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

84. 8.10 Cooperation Among States Military alliances North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Warsaw Pact Economic cooperation European Union COMECON © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

85. 8.10 Cooperation Among States Superpowers Balance of power A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing forces © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

86. 8.10 Cooperation Among States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. COLD WAR: CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

87. 8.10 Cooperation Among States © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. U. S. MILITARY VEHICLES AND AIRCRAFT LINED UP ON THE TAXIWAY AT CAMP SPEICHER, IRAQ © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

88. 8.11 Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations Terrorism The systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

89. 8.11 Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 ATTACKS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

90. 8.11 Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations Terrorism Against Americans Theodore J. Kaczynski Timothy McVeigh © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

91. 8.11 Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. TERRORISM AGAINST AMERICANS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

92. 8.11 Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations Al-Qaeda Arabic for “the foundation” or “the base” © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. AL-QAEDA ATTACKS © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

93. 8.11 Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. AL-QAEDA TERRORISM, LONDON © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

94. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism State-sponsored sanctuary for terrorists Afghanistan and Pakistan Taliban Arabic for “students of Muslim schools” © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

95. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. SANCTUARY FOR TERRORISTS : BIN LADEN’S COMPOUND © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

96. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism Providing supplies to terrorists Iran: The U.S. has accused Iran of developing nuclear weapons. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

97. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. IRAN © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

98. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism Providing supplies to terrorists Iraq: The U.S. lead an attack against Iraq in 2003, in order to depose Saddam Hussein. 1991 Operation Desert Storm © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

99. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. IRAQ © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

100. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism State-sponsored terrorist attacks Libya: Muammar el-Qaddafi brutally attacked Libyan protestors. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

101. 8.12 State Support for Terrorism © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. LIBYA © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

102. Chapter Review Key Questions What is a state? How are states organized? How do states interact with each other? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.