1. Welcome

2. What is Biology? The study of LIFE! A broad class that covers a lot of information and is a base for many specialty areas.

3. Biochemicals (medicine, metabolism)

4. Cells-the smallest unit of life! How they work is how we work b/c we are made of a LOT of them

5. DNA & Genetics (the coding for all known life & how it’s passed on)

6. Evolution (how all organisms cam about according to science!) and Diversity of organisms

7. Ecology (how organisms interact with other organisms and the environment) & energy

8. What is Science? Survey- not for grade, just answer to the best of your knowledge After we’ll have a class discussion.

9. Fish Tank-What’s going on? How can we figure this out? What do we see? What are some differences between the 2 drinks? What are steps we can follow?

10. What makes a good experiment? 1.Only 1 independent variable: aka the thing you are changing WHY? So you know that what you are changing (manipulating) is causing the “data” – Ex: Does amount of fertilizer effect the growth of plants? OR – Ex: Which fertilizer is the best? – For both of these examples there is only 1 independent variable…the fertilizer.

11. 2.controlled (constant) variables : as many as possible. Everything is kept the same or treated the same. WHY? The link between your data and independent variable is stronger, not some other factor. – EX: fertilizer exp- amount of water, amount of sun light, amount & type of soil, type of plant & size of plant….etc. 3. Trials…as many as logistically possible. Why? To reduce error! – What if the fertilizer was mixed wrong? You wouldn't know unless there was more then 1 trial to see the data that didn’t match the rest. – You should see consistency in data for all trials or something is wrong.

12. 4. Sample Size: as many as possible. Why? Again to reduce error. – Ex: Only one plant per type of fertilizer? What if the plant dies due to human error? That would skew the results giving a possible incorrect conclusion. 5. Length of exp: how long will the study go on? 6. Data: the dependant variables (as many as can be collected) how is it collected, measured, etc… 7. Replicate: can others follow your procedure and get the same results? 8. Baseline: THE CONTROL GROUP, or what you compare your test subjects to. 9. Who is conducting/funding it?

13. Ted talk Ted Talk: Ben Goldacre- Author of “bad science” http://www.ted.com/talks/ben_goldacre_batt ling_bad_science http://www.ted.com/talks/ben_goldacre_batt ling_bad_science to 9:35 If there’s time

14. Bad Science Bad Science uses the scientific method but… – Relies on “authority” only, speculative – Watch for proper evidence: tests on bacteria same results in humans, small sample size – Uncontrolled design – Skews the data to benefit the author/company – Financial interests – improper experimental set up: built to fail or succeed Ex: Drug manufactures putting drugs on the market

15. The consequence of Wakefield Check out this graph. What is it’s story? Any issues?

18. Consequences cont Time and $ lost refuting the paper Parents not vaccinating- lose herd immunity Harm the cause of science?

19. Key Point Always question the science you read/hear about in the media AND even the journals that publish information. This is a strength of science, that we question and try to replicate other scientists. Questions?

20. Ted talk Ted Talk: Ben Goldacre- Author of “bad science” http://www.ted.com/talks/ben_goldacre_batt ling_bad_science http://www.ted.com/talks/ben_goldacre_batt ling_bad_science to 9:35 If there’s time

21. Bad Science Bad Science uses the scientific method but… – Relies on “authority” only, speculative – Watch for proper evidence: tests on bacteria same results in humans, small sample size – Uncontrolled design – Skews the data to benefit the author/company – Financial interests – improper experimental set up: built to fail or succeed Ex: Drug manufactures putting drugs on the market

22. The consequence of Wakefield Check out this graph. What is it’s story? Any issues?

25. Consequences cont Time and $ lost refuting the paper Parents not vaccinating- lose herd immunity Harm the cause of science?

26. Does this study support or refute Wakefield?

27. Pseudoscience Pseudoscience does not use the scientific method makes claims in the name of “science”. – Ex: advertisement that exploits “science” no find scientific evidence on medical databases to substantiate terms used in the ad such as "BioPromise", "Biocrystals" and "Far Infra Red Rays". "It's clearly pseudoscience designed to give an extra sales gimmick."

29. Key Point Always question the science you read/hear about in the media AND even the journals that publish information. This is a strength of science, that we question and try to replicate other scientists. Questions?

30. What is Living? What does it mean to be alive? On your own/ silently: Make a quick list of all of the characteristics you think are common to all living things. (between 7-10!) HINT: you are living, what makes you alive? (5 minutes)

31. Think?

32. Move?

33. Looks alive?

35. The fuzzy line of life…viruses

36. Characteristics of Living Things In order to be considered living, you must have ALL of these characteristics: – G: Grow and Develop – O: Organization – H: Homeostasis – A: Adapt/Evolve – M: Metabolism – R: Reproduction – R: Response to Stimuli Living things are called ORGANISMS.

37. Growth Growth = an increase in the number of new cells

38. Organized

39. Living things have certain parts that perform certain functions Ex: We are organized into systems (nervous, digestive, circulatory) Each part has a specific function!

40. Respond Living things can RESPOND to STIMULI Stimulus = anything that causes a change in an organism Stimulus = action that causes a response

41. Homeostasis Homeostasis = the ability to maintain a stable internal environment no matter what the external environment is like Ex: temperature, pH, water balance

42. Homoeostasis is the internal reaction that tries to keep balance. The see-saw is the balance of homeostasis. Response is the outcome of the stimuli which caused the homeostasis imbalance. The stimuli upsets the balance, the response returns to balance. Check out the diagram! Keep in mind this happens at a cellular level that you cannot see…is not as obvious as your hand being burned, that’s organs/organism

43. Adapt and Evolve Adaptations: any structure or behavior that allows an organism to survive better Evolution: gradual change in a population over time – Ex: desert plants can survive in the hot and dry weather because they have adaptations like shallow roots and no leaves

44. Reproduction Living things are able to make more of their own species Species: a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

45. Metabolize Living things need and use energy to survive. They can build up and break down molecules

46. Biology covers an enormous amount of information so we organize it. Side bar:The blue whale is the largest living individual organism on Earth EVER (including bigger then the biggest dinosaur, be impressed) We also study organisms relationships to: each other, other organisms, their non-living environment & as an entire planet.

47. Emergent Properties: the concept http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/emer gence.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/emer gence.html (11 minutes) (11

48. The whole has different characteristics than the sum of it’s parts.

49. Emergent property example 1 Elemental Characteristics Vs Compound characteristics

51. Key Principle If you don't understand the structure of a difficult problem, then you can't solve the problem.

52. Graphing!

53. Graphs Tell a Story What story does this graph tell?

54. W hat story does this graph tell? – Without Labels and units, it is difficult to know the story…. Water Depth inches Time minutes

55. It is also important to include a title to specifically describe what the data pertains to. Water Depth inches Time minutes Water level in a bathtub

56. Why is This Graph Misleading?

57. Why is this Graph Misleading?

58. Why is this graph misleading?

59. Why is this Graph Misleading?

60. Rule #1 Play close attention to the axes!!!!

61. Why is this Graph Misleading?

63. Rule #2 Be wary of pictograms or images used in a graph – Are they scaled properly?

64. Why is this Graph Misleading?

66. Rule #3 Be wary of 3-d graphs! – Are they trying to make it look cool, or are they distorting the information?

67. Why is this a Bad Choice of Graph? # of people playing

68. Claim, Evidence, and Reasoning How to write a scientific explanation

69. Claim Your claim is a declariative statement that is similar to a thesis. ● The claim is usually one sentence in length. ● It must be accurate, specific, and completely answer the question.

70. Evidence The evidence is all of the information that supports your claim. ● Evidence must be sufficient and relevant to your claim. Not all information is considered evidence! ● Most evidence is specific data/information. T

71. Evidence The evidence is all of the information that supports your claim. ● It can come from other sources such as: computer simulations, websites, textbook, class notes, personal experience, etc. ● It is important to have numerous pieces of evidence in order to prove your claim!

72. Reasoning Reasoning is the explanation that connects your claim to the evidence that supports it. ● It shows why the information you chose counts as evidence. It shows a detailed understanding of the concepts involved and uses correct science vocabulary. The reasoning should be thorough abd to the point.

73. Reasoning Reasoning is the explanation that connects your claim to the evidence that supports it. ● It shows a detailed understanding of the concepts involved and uses correct science vocabulary. ● The reasoning should usually be at least a few sentences in length.

74. Thomas Huxley quote

75. How do I Study for the Test? Make sure you know your definitions. Review your exit/bell & quizzes. – If it was a 3 great. If it was not a 3 go through and see if the rest of the answers were ok. – You can do this by finding students with those questions correct or see me during class today. – Questions that need to be corrected should be corrected. Look up emergent properties on-line and watch professors explain it. – One if the 1 st ones that pops up on youtube is done really well. I can log you onto youtube if you want Look up homeostasis an reaction examples. Make sure you understand CER.