1. TEMPORARY COURTS, PERMANENT RECORDS Trudy Huskamp Peterson October 2007

2. Scope of Study International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) Special Panels and Serious Crimes Unit, East Timor Hybrid courts, Kosovo

3. Legal Basis of Courts and Court Records 1. ICTY and ICTR: Created by United Nations Security Council 2. SCSL: Created by agreement between Sierra Leone and United Nations 3. East Timor panels and prosecutor: Created by the United Nations administration in East Timor and subsequently transferred to the new national government 4.Kosovo: International judges and prosecutors inserted by UN into existing court system

4. Scope of Court Functions ICTY and ICTR: Courts, prosecutor, investigators, registrar, victims and witness support program, detention facility management, outreach to local communities, public information, liaison to defense counsel, administration

5. Scope of Court Functions, Cont. SCSL: Same as ICTY and ICTR plus defense counsel, construction and management of court and detention facilities East Timor: Judges but not courts, prosecutor, investigators, public information Kosovo: Judges but not courts, prosecutors, investigators

6. Geographic Scope ICTY: Headquarters in The Hague, offices of prosecutors, investigators, victim and witness support, and outreach located in various cities in Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, and Kosovo

7. Geographic Scope, cont. ICTR: Headquarters in Arusha, Tanzania; appeals to appellate bench in The Hague; prosecutor office in Kigali, Rwanda and formerly in The Hague SCSL: Freetown, Sierra Leone, The Hague East Timor: Dili, East Timor Kosovo: Prishtina and five judicial districts

8. Physical Types of Records Paper (official record): Electronic tracking systems: Electronic document management systems: Websites: Audio and video of court sessions: Still photographs, audio and video evidence: Architectural records: Objects as evidence: All All except East Timor panels ICTY, ICTR, SCSL ICTY, ICTR, SCSL, prosecutor in East Timor ICTY, ICTR, SCSL All SCSL All

9. Some Records Issues Volume Duplication Quantity of confidential information Security

10. National and International Perspectives Court records Prosecutors’ records Investigators’ records Detention records Files of judges Records of defense counsels International experiences: International Military Tribunal – Germany International experiences: International Military Tribunal – Far East

11. Potential Users Victims, surrogates, heirs Civic activists Government officials Legal researchers; defense counsel Academic researchers Media Court planners

12. What Records Users Say They Want

13. Joinet Principles 1997 Preserve archives “bearing witness to violations” of human rights Establish categories of access (victims, relatives, persons implicated, historical researchers) Use balancing test between access and privacy

14. Administering Access Policy Clear policy statement, screening, periodic reviews Make public existence of records and restrictions Equal access; release to one member of public is release to all Passage of time obviates need for restriction

15. Problem of Placement I Goals –Foster Research –Provide consistent reference service –Conserve resources

16. Problem of Placement II Single location or many Competing claims Single location –New York –Geneva –The Hague

17. Problem of Placement III Service to researchers Access through duplicate copies

18. Responsibilities for an international judicial archives UN must embrace its responsibility for the records States need to support and fund NGOs and other concerned bodies should participate in the creation and maintenance of the archives