1. Earth Science Prologue
Mr. H. Clark
Bethpage High School

2. Earth Science Prologue
What is Earth Science?
Measurements
Observations and Inferences
Scientific Notation
Percent Deviation Problems
Types of Graphs
Density

3. What is Earth Science? Earth Science includes Geology Astronomy
Meteorology
Oceanography

4. Measurements: Basic Metric Units
SI Basic Units
Meter
Gram
Liter
Second
Degree Kelvin / Degree Celsius

5. Measurements: Other Metric Units
Derived Units
Area square meter m2
Volume cubic meter m3
Speed meter per second m/s
Acceleration meter per second squared  m/s2
Density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3

6. Measurements: Other Metric Units
Derived Units
Frequency hertz Hz   s-1
Force newton N   m·kg·s-2
Pressure pascal Pa N/m2 m-1·kg·s-2
Energy  joule J N·m m2·kg·s-2
Power watt W J/s m2·kg·s-3

7. Measurements: Metric Prefixes
Factor Name  Symbol
yotta Y
zetta Z
exa E
peta P
tera T
giga G
mega M
kilo k
hecto h
deka da 
Factor Name  Symbol
deci d
centi c
milli m
micro µ
nano n
pico p
femto f
atto a
zepto z
yocto y

8. Observations and Inferences
An observation is information you take in with your senses.
Observation: You are 167 cm tall.
An inference is information you determine from observations.
Inference: Your teacher is older than his students.

9. Scientific Notation Scientific Notation
Write 27,508 in scientific notation.
Change the decimal point so that the number is in between zero and ten
becomes
Since you moved the decimal 4 places to the left it becomes X 104

10. Percent Deviation Percent Deviation Problems Step 1 Write the formula:
%deviation = difference from accepted value X100
accepted value
Step 2 Substitute the values:
If a student measured a mass to be 8 grams, and the accepted value is 10 grams.
% deviation = 10g g / 10 g x 100
= 2 g / 10 g X 100
Step 3 Solve:
% deviation = 20%

11. Earth Science Reference Tables

12. Graphs Line graphs Direct Relationship Direct Relationship
Inverse Relationship
Independent Relationship
Cyclical Relationship
Direct Relationship

13. Graphs Line graphs Inverse Relationship Inverse Relationship
Direct Relationship
Inverse Relationship
Independent Relationship
Cyclical Relationship
Inverse Relationship

14. Graphs Line graphs Independent Relationship Independent Relationship
Direct Relationship
Inverse Relationship
Independent Relationship
Cyclical Relationship
Independent Relationship

15. Graphs Line graphs Cyclical Relationship Cyclical Relationship
Direct Relationship
Inverse Relationship
Independent Relationship
Cyclical Relationship
Cyclical Relationship

16. Earth Science Prologue
Density is mass per unit volume.
Formula: D = M V

17. Earth Science Prologue
Problem: If an of that has a mass of 10 grams and a volume of 5 cm3, what is the density?
Formula: D = M/V
Substitution: D = 10g / 5 cm3
Solve: D = 2 g/ cm3

18. Density and Floatation
If the object is more dense than the liquid it sinks in the liquid.
If the object is the same density as the liquid it stays suspended in the liquid.
If the object is less dense than the liquid it floats in the liquid.

19. Density graphs