1. MASTER NOTES LAB PHYSICS Newtons’ Laws and Force Only Chapter 4

2. Chapter 4 Table of Contents Section 1 Changes in Motion
Forces and the Laws of Motion
Table of Contents
Section 1 Changes in Motion
Section 2 Newton's First Law
Section 3 Newton's Second and Third Laws
Section 4 Everyday Forces

3. Chapter 4
Section 1 Changes in Motion
Force
A force is an action exerted on an object which may change the object’s state of rest or motion.
Forces can cause accelerations.
The SI unit of force is the newton, N.
Forces can act through contact or at a distance.

4. Chapter 4 Force Diagrams
Section 1 Changes in Motion
Force Diagrams
The effect of a force depends on both magnitude and direction.Thus, force is a vector quantity.
Diagrams that show force vectors as arrows are called force diagrams.
Force diagrams that show only the forces acting on a single object are called free-body diagrams.

5. Force Diagrams, continued
Chapter 4
Section 1 Changes in Motion
Force Diagrams, continued
Force Diagram
Free-Body Diagram
In a force diagram, vector arrows represent all the forces acting in a situation.
A free-body diagram shows only the forces acting on the object of interest—in this case, the car.

6. Chapter 4 Newton’s First Law
Section 2 Newton’s First Law
Newton’s First Law
An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion continues in motion with constant velocity (that is, constant speed in a straight line) unless the object experiences a net external force.
In other words, when the net external force on an object is zero, the object’s acceleration (or the change in the object’s velocity) is zero.

7. Chapter 4
Section 2 Newton’s First Law
Net Force
Newton's first law refers to the net force on an object.The net force is the vector sum of all forces acting on an object.
The net force on an object can be found by using the methods for finding resultant vectors.
Although several forces are acting on this car, the vector sum of the forces is zero. Thus, the net force is zero, and the car moves at a constant velocity.

8. Chapter 4 Sample Problem Determining Net Force
Section 2 Newton’s First Law
Sample Problem
Determining Net Force
Derek leaves his physics book on top of a drafting table that is inclined at a 35° angle. The free-body diagram below shows the forces acting on the book. Find the net force acting on the book.

9. Sample Problem, continued
Chapter 4
Section 2 Newton’s First Law
Sample Problem, continued
1. Define the problem, and identify the variables.
Given:
Fgravity-on-book = Fg = 22 N
Ffriction = Ff = 11 N
Ftable-on-book = Ft = 18 N
Unknown:
Fnet = ?

10. Sample Problem, continued
Chapter 4
Section 2 Newton’s First Law
Sample Problem, continued
2. Select a coordinate system, and apply it to the free-body diagram.
Choose the x-axis parallel to and the y-axis perpendicular to the incline of the table, as shown in (a). This coordinate system is the most convenient because only one force needs to be resolved into x and y components.
Tip: To simplify the problem, always choose the coordinate system in which as many forces as possible lie on the x- and y-axes.

11. Sample Problem, continued
Chapter 4
Section 2 Newton’s First Law
Sample Problem, continued
3. Find the x and y components of all vectors.
Draw a sketch, as shown in (b), to help find the components of the vector Fg. The angle q is equal to 180– 90 – 35 = 55.
Add both components to the free-body diagram, as shown in (c).

12. Sample Problem, continued
Chapter 4
Section 2 Newton’s First Law
Sample Problem, continued
4. Find the net force in both the x and y directions.
Diagram (d) shows another free-body diagram of the book, now with forces acting only along the x- and y-axes.
For the x direction:
SFx = Fg,x – Ff
SFx = 13 N – 11 N
SFx = 2 N
For the y direction:
SFy = Ft – Fg,y
SFy = 18 N – 18 N
SFy = 0 N

13. Sample Problem, continued
Chapter 4
Section 2 Newton’s First Law
Sample Problem, continued
5. Find the net force.
Add the net forces in the x and y directions together as vectors to find the total net force. In this case, Fnet = 2 N in the +x direction, as shown in (e). Thus, the book accelerates down the incline.

14. Chapter 4
Section 2 Newton’s First Law
Inertia
Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist being moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction.
Newton’s first law is often referred to as the law of inertia because it states that in the absence of a net force, a body will preserve its state of motion.
Mass is a measure of inertia.

15. Inertia and the Operation of a Seat Belt
Chapter 4
Section 2 Newton’s First Law
Inertia and the Operation of a Seat Belt
While inertia causes passengers in a car to continue moving forward as the car slows down, inertia also causes seat belts to lock into place.
The illustration shows how one type of shoulder harness operates.
When the car suddenly slows down, inertia causes the large mass under the seat to continue moving, which activates the lock on the safety belt.

16. Chapter 4
Section 2 Newton’s First Law
Equilibrium
Equilibrium is the state in which the net force on an object is zero.
Objects that are either at rest or moving with constant velocity are said to be in equilibrium.
Newton’s first law describes objects in equilibrium.
Tip: To determine whether a body is in equilibrium, find the net force. If the net force is zero, the body is in equilibrium. If there is a net force, a second force equal and opposite to this net force will put the body in equilibrium.

17. net force = mass  acceleration
Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws
Chapter 4
Newton’s Second Law
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object and inversely proportional to the object’s mass.
SF = ma
net force = mass  acceleration
SF represents the vector sum of all external forces acting on the object, or the net force.

18. Chapter 4 Newton’s Third Law
Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws
Chapter 4
Newton’s Third Law
If two objects interact, the magnitude of the force exerted on object 1 by object 2 is equal to the magnitude of the force simultaneously exerted on object 2 by object 1, and these two forces are opposite in direction.
In other words, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Because the forces coexist, either force can be called the action or the reaction.

19. Action and Reaction Forces
Section 3 Newton’s Second and Third Laws
Chapter 4
Action and Reaction Forces
Action-reaction pairs do not imply that the net force on either object is zero.
The action-reaction forces are equal and opposite, but either object may still have a net force on it.
Consider driving a nail into wood with a hammer. The force that the nail exerts on the hammer is equal and opposite to the force that the hammer exerts on the nail. But there is a net force acting on the nail, which drives the nail into the wood.

20. Chapter 4
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Weight
The gravitational force (Fg) exerted on an object by Earth is a vector quantity, directed toward the center of Earth.
The magnitude of this force (Fg) is a scalar quantity called weight.
Weight changes with the location of an object in the universe.

21. Chapter 4 Weight, continued Calculating weight at any location:
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Weight, continued
Calculating weight at any location:
Fg = mag
ag = free-fall acceleration at that location
Calculating weight on Earth's surface:
ag = g = 9.81 m/s2
Fg = mg = m(9.81 m/s2)

22. Chapter 4
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Normal Force
The normal force acts on a surface in a direction perpendicular to the surface.
The normal force is not always opposite in direction to the force due to gravity.
In the absence of other forces, the normal force is equal and opposite to the component of gravitational force that is perpendicular to the contact surface.
In this example, Fn = mg cos q.

23. Chapter 4
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Friction
Static friction is a force that resists the initiation of sliding motion between two surfaces that are in contact and at rest.
Kinetic friction is the force that opposes the movement of two surfaces that are in contact and are sliding over each other.
Kinetic friction is always less than the maximum static friction.

24. Friction Forces in Free-Body Diagrams
Chapter 4
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Friction Forces in Free-Body Diagrams
In free-body diagrams, the force of friction is always parallel to the surface of contact.
The force of kinetic friction is always opposite the direction of motion.
To determine the direction of the force of static friction, use the principle of equilibrium. For an object in equilibrium, the frictional force must point in the direction that results in a net force of zero.

25. The Coefficient of Friction
Chapter 4
Section 4 Everyday Forces
The Coefficient of Friction
The quantity that expresses the dependence of frictional forces on the particular surfaces in contact is called the coefficient of friction, m.
Coefficient of kinetic friction:
Coefficient of static friction:

26. Chapter 4
Section 4 Everyday Forces

27. Chapter 4 Sample Problem Overcoming Friction
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Sample Problem
Overcoming Friction
A student attaches a rope to a 20.0 kg box of books.He pulls with a force of 90.0 N at an angle of 30.0° with the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the sidewalk is Find the acceleration of the box.

28. Sample Problem, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Sample Problem, continued
1. Define
Given:
m = 20.0 kg
mk = 0.500
Fapplied = 90.0 N at q = 30.0°
Unknown:
a = ?
Diagram:

29. Sample Problem, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Sample Problem, continued
2. Plan
Choose a convenient coordinate system, and find the x and y components of all forces.
The diagram on the right shows the most convenient coordinate system, because the only force to resolve into components is Fapplied.
Fapplied,y = (90.0 N)(sin 30.0º) = 45.0 N (upward)
Fapplied,x = (90.0 N)(cos 30.0º) = 77.9 N (to the right)

30. Sample Problem, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Sample Problem, continued
Choose an equation or situation:
A. Find the normal force, Fn, by applying the condition of equilibrium in the vertical direction:
SFy = 0
B. Calculate the force of kinetic friction on the box:
Fk = mkFn
C. Apply Newton’s second law along the horizontal direction to find the acceleration of the box:
SFx = max

31. Sample Problem, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Sample Problem, continued
3. Calculate
A. To apply the condition of equilibrium in the vertical direction, you need to account for all of the forces in the y direction:
Fg, Fn, and Fapplied,y. You know Fapplied,y and can use the box’s mass to find Fg.
Fapplied,y = 45.0 N
Fg = (20.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 196 N
Next, apply the equilibrium condition,
SFy = 0, and solve for Fn.
SFy = Fn + Fapplied,y – Fg = 0
Fn N – 196 N = 0
Fn = –45.0 N N = 151 N
Tip: Remember to pay attention to the direction of forces.
In this step, Fg is subtracted from Fn and Fapplied,y because Fg is directed downward.

32. Sample Problem, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Sample Problem, continued
B. Use the normal force to find the force of kinetic friction.
Fk = mkFn = (0.500)(151 N) = 75.5 N
C. Use Newton’s second law to determine the horizontal acceleration.
a = 0.12 m/s2 to the right

33. Sample Problem, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Sample Problem, continued
4. Evaluate
The box accelerates in the direction of the net force, in accordance with Newton’s second law. The normal force is not equal in magnitude to the weight because the y component of the student’s pull on the rope helps support the box.

34. Chapter 4 Air Resistance
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Air Resistance
Air resistance is a form of friction. Whenever an object moves through a fluid medium, such as air or water, the fluid provides a resistance to the object’s motion.
For a falling object, when the upward force of air resistance balances the downward gravitational force, the net force on the object is zero. The object continues to move downward with a constant maximum speed, called the terminal speed.

35. Chapter 4 Fundamental Forces There are four fundamental forces:
Section 4 Everyday Forces
Fundamental Forces
There are four fundamental forces:
Electromagnetic force
Gravitational force
Strong nuclear force
Weak nuclear force
The four fundamental forces are all field forces.

36. Review: Newton’s 1st Law
An object in motion stays in motion in a straight line, unless acted upon by unbalanced force. A push or pull will cause object to speed up, slow down, or change direction.

37. Review: Forces are Balanced
Object at Rest
V = zero m/s
Objects in Motion
V  ≠ zero m/s
a = 0 m/s2
a = 0 m/s2
Stay at Rest
Stay in Motion (same speed and direction

38. Basically, objects just keep on doing whatever they are doing unless they are acted upon by an unbalanced force.

39. Review: Common Examples
Ketchup stays in the bottom (at rest) until you bang (outside force) on the end of the bottom.
A headrest in a car prevents whiplash injuries during a rear-end collision ( your head goes forward and then jerks backward).
Animation 1 – ladder truck
Animation 2 – no seatbelt

40. Free-body diagrams
Free-body diagrams are used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting on an object.

41. This diagram shows four forces acting upon an object
This diagram shows four forces acting upon an object. There aren’t always four forces, For example, there could be one, two, or three forces.

42. Problem 1
A book is at rest on a table top. Diagram the forces acting on the book.

43. Problem 1
In this diagram, there are normal and gravitational forces on the book.

44. Problem 2
An egg is free-falling from a nest in a tree. Neglect air resistance. Draw a free-body diagram showing the forces involved.

45. Gravity is the only force acting on the egg as it falls.

46. Problem 3
A flying squirrel is gliding (no wing flaps) from a tree to the ground at constant velocity. Consider air resistance. A free body diagram for this situation looks like…

47. Gravity pulls down on the squirrel while air resistance keeps the squirrel in the air for a while.

48. Problem 4
A rightward force is applied to a book in order to move it across a desk. Consider frictional forces. Neglect air resistance. Construct a free-body diagram. Let’s see what this one looks like.

49. Note the applied force arrow pointing to the right
Note the applied force arrow pointing to the right. Notice how friction force points in the opposite direction. Finally, there is still gravity and normal forces involved.

50. Problem 5
A skydiver is descending with a constant velocity. Consider air resistance. Draw a free-body diagram.

51. Gravity pulls down on the skydiver, while air resistance pushes up as she falls.

52. Problem 6
A man drags a sled across loosely packed snow with a rightward acceleration. Draw a free-body diagram.

53. The rightward force arrow points to the right
The rightward force arrow points to the right. Friction slows his progress and pulls in the opposite direction. Since there is not information that we are in a blizzard, normal forces still apply as does gravitational force since we are on planet Earth.

54. Problem 7
A football is moving upwards toward its peak after having been booted by the punter. Draw a free-body diagram.

55. The force of gravity is the only force described
The force of gravity is the only force described. It is not a windy day (no air resistance).

56. Problem 8
A car runs out of gas and is coasting down a hill.

57. Even though the car is coasting down the hill, there is still the dragging friction of the road (left pointing arrow) as well as gravity and normal forces.

58. Net Force
Now let’s take a look at what happens when unbalanced forces do not become completely balanced (or cancelled) by other individual forces.
An unbalanced forces exists when the vertical and horizontal forces do not cancel each other out.

59. Example 1
Notice the upward force of 1200 Neutons (N) is more than gravity (800 N). The net force is 400 N up.

60. Example 2
Notice that while the normal force and gravitation forces are balanced (each are 50 N) the force of friction results in unbalanced force on the horizontal axis. The net force is 20 N left.

61. Another way to look at balances and unbalanced forces

62. Balanced or unbalanced?

63. Balanced or Unbalanced?

64. Evaluation
Complete question #9 on the Free-body Diagram Worksheet.

66. Special thanks to the Physics Classroom used to prepare this lesson

67. Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep
Use the passage below to answer questions 1–2.
Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in contact with each other on a smooth, horizontal surface. Block m1 is on the left of block m2. A constant horizontal force F to the right is applied to m1.
1. What is the acceleration of the two blocks?
A. C.
B. D.

68. Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep
Use the passage below to answer questions 1–2.
Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in contact with each other on a smooth, horizontal surface. Block m1 is on the left of block m2. A constant horizontal force F to the right is applied to m1.
1. What is the acceleration of the two blocks?
A. C.
B. D.

69. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the passage below to answer questions 1–2.
Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in contact with each other on a smooth, horizontal surface. Block m1 is on the left of block m2. A constant horizontal force F to the right is applied to m1.
2. What is the horizontal force acting on m2?
F. m1a
G. m2a
H. (m1 + m2)a
J. m1m2a

70. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the passage below to answer questions 1–2.
Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are placed in contact with each other on a smooth, horizontal surface. Block m1 is on the left of block m2. A constant horizontal force F to the right is applied to m1.
2. What is the horizontal force acting on m2?
F. m1a
G. m2a
H. (m1 + m2)a
J. m1m2a

71. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. A crate is pulled to the right with a force of 82.0 N, to the left with a force of 115 N, upward with a force of 565 N, and downward with a force of 236 N. Find the magnitude and direction of the net force on the crate.
A N at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis
B N at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis
C x 102 at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis
D x 102 at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis

72. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. A crate is pulled to the right with a force of 82.0 N, to the left with a force of 115 N, upward with a force of 565 N, and downward with a force of 236 N. Find the magnitude and direction of the net force on the crate.
A N at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis
B N at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis
C x 102 at 96° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis
D x 102 at 6° counterclockwise from the positive x-axis

73. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. A ball with a mass of m is thrown into the air, as shown in the figure below. What is the force exerted on Earth by the ball?
A. mballg directed down
B. mballg directed up
C. mearthg directed down
D. mearthg directed up

74. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. A ball with a mass of m is thrown into the air, as shown in the figure below. What is the force exerted on Earth by the ball?
A. mballg directed down
B. mballg directed up
C. mearthg directed down
D. mearthg directed up

75. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. A freight train has a mass of 1.5 x 107 kg. If the locomotive can exert a constant pull of 7.5 x 105 N, how long would it take to increase the speed of the train from rest to 85 km/h? (Disregard friction.)
A. 4.7 x 102s
B. 4.7s
C. 5.0 x 10-2s
D. 5.0 x 104s

76. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. A freight train has a mass of 1.5 x 107 kg. If the locomotive can exert a constant pull of 7.5 x 105 N, how long would it take to increase the speed of the train from rest to 85 km/h? (Disregard friction.)
A. 4.7 x 102s
B. 4.7s
C. 5.0 x 10-2s
D. 5.0 x 104s

77. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the passage below to answer questions 6–7.
A truck driver slams on the brakes and skids
to a stop through a displacement Dx.
6. If the truck’s mass doubles, find the truck’s skidding distance in terms of Dx. (Hint: Increasing the mass increases the normal force.)
A. Dx/4
B. Dx
C. 2Dx
D. 4Dx

78. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the passage below to answer questions 6–7.
A truck driver slams on the brakes and skids
to a stop through a displacement Dx.
6. If the truck’s mass doubles, find the truck’s skidding distance in terms of Dx. (Hint: Increasing the mass increases the normal force.)
A. Dx/4
B. Dx
C. 2Dx
D. 4Dx

79. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the passage below to answer questions 6–7.
A truck driver slams on the brakes and skids
to a stop through a displacement Dx.
7. If the truck’s initial velocity were halved, what would be the truck’s skidding distance?
A. Dx/4
B. Dx
C. 2Dx
D. 4Dx

80. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the passage below to answer questions 6–7.
A truck driver slams on the brakes and skids
to a stop through a displacement Dx.
7. If the truck’s initial velocity were halved, what would be the truck’s skidding distance?
A. Dx/4
B. Dx
C. 2Dx
D. 4Dx

81. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the graph at right to answer questions 8–9. The graph shows the relationship between the applied force and the force of friction.
8. What is the relationship between the forces at point A?
F. Fs=Fapplied
G. Fk=Fapplied
H. Fs<Fapplied
I. Fk>Fapplied

82. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the graph at right to answer questions 8–9. The graph shows the relationship between the applied force and the force of friction.
8. What is the relationship between the forces at point A?
F. Fs=Fapplied
G. Fk=Fapplied
H. Fs<Fapplied
I. Fk>Fapplied

83. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the graph at right to answer questions 8–9. The graph shows the relationship between the applied force and the force of friction.
9. What is the relationship between the forces at point B?
A. Fs, max=Fk
B. Fk> Fs, max
C. Fk>Fapplied
D. Fk<Fapplied

84. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the graph at right to answer questions 8–9. The graph shows the relationship between the applied force and the force of friction.
9. What is the relationship between the forces at point B?
A. Fs, max=Fk
B. Fk> Fs, max
C. Fk>Fapplied
D. Fk<Fapplied

85. Chapter 4 Short Response Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the
information below.
A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the
roof of a building m high.While the ball
is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant
force of 12.0 N on the ball.
10. How long does the ball take to hit the ground?

86. Chapter 4 Short Response Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the
information below.
A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the
roof of a building m high.While the ball
is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant
force of 12.0 N on the ball.
10. How long does the ball take to hit the ground?
Answer: 6.00 s

87. Short Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the
information below.
A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the
roof of a building m high.While the ball
is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant
force of 12.0 N on the ball.
11. How far from the building does the ball hit the ground?

88. Short Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the
information below.
A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the
roof of a building m high.While the ball
is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant
force of 12.0 N on the ball.
11. How far from the building does the ball hit the ground?
Answer: 72.0 m

89. Short Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the
information below.
A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the
roof of a building m high.While the ball
is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant
force of 12.0 N on the ball.
12. When the ball hits the ground, what is its speed?

90. Short Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Base your answers to questions 10–12 on the
information below.
A 3.00 kg ball is dropped from rest from the
roof of a building m high.While the ball
is falling, a horizontal wind exerts a constant
force of 12.0 N on the ball.
12. When the ball hits the ground, what is its speed?
Answer: 63.6 m/s

91. Short Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the
passage.
A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck.
For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction.
13. Starting at rest, the truck accelerates to the right.

92. Short Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the
passage.
A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck.
For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction.
13. Starting at rest, the truck accelerates to the right.
Answer: at rest, moves to the left, hits back wall

93. Short Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the
passage.
A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck.
For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction.
14. The crate is at rest relative to the truck while the
truck moves with a constant velocity to the right.

94. Short Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the
passage.
A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck.
For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction.
14. The crate is at rest relative to the truck while the
truck moves with a constant velocity to the right.
Answer: moves to the right, at rest, neither

95. Short Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the
passage.
A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck.
For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction.
15. The truck in item 14 slows down.

96. Short Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Base your answers to questions 13–15 on the
passage.
A crate rests on the horizontal bed of a pickup truck.
For each situation described below, indicate the motion of the crate relative to the ground, the motion of the crate relative to the truck, and whether the crate will hit the front wall of the truck bed, the back wall, or neither. Disregard friction.
15. The truck in item 14 slows down.
Answer: moves to the right, moves to the right,
hits front wall

97. Chapter 4 Extended Response
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
16. A student pulls a rope attached to a 10.0 kg wooden
sled and moves the sled across dry snow. The student
pulls with a force of 15.0 N at an angle of 45.0º.
If mk between the sled and the snow is 0.040, what
is the sled’s acceleration? Show your work.

98. Chapter 4 Extended Response
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
16. A student pulls a rope attached to a 10.0 kg wooden
sled and moves the sled across dry snow. The student
pulls with a force of 15.0 N at an angle of 45.0º.
If mk between the sled and the snow is 0.040, what
is the sled’s acceleration? Show your work.
Answer: 0.71 m/s2

99. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
17. You can keep a 3 kg book from dropping by pushing
it horizontally against a wall. Draw force diagrams,
and identify all the forces involved. How do they
combine to result in a zero net force? Will the force
you must supply to hold the book up be different for
different types of walls? Design a series of experiments to test your answer. Identify exactly
which measurements will be necessary and what
equipment you will need.

100. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
17. You can keep a 3 kg book from dropping by pushing
it horizontally against a wall. Draw force diagrams,
and identify all the forces involved. How do they
combine to result in a zero net force? Will the force
you must supply to hold the book up be different for
different types of walls? Design a series of experiments to test your answer. Identify exactly
which measurements will be necessary and what
equipment you will need.
Answer: Plans should involve measuring forces such
as weight, applied force, normal force, and friction.

101. Chapter 4
Section 1 Changes in Motion
Force Diagrams

102. Inertia and the Operation of a Seat Belt
Chapter 4
Section 2 Newton’s First Law
Inertia and the Operation of a Seat Belt