1. Entomology Kit Climate Data & Calculations Analysis Tutorial

2. Degree-Hour Determination A degree-hour is a unit of measure for charting insect growth. It is just an expression for the amount of time spent at a specific temperature. For example, flies that are incubated at 90 degrees for one hour will have the same level of development as those that are kept at 45 degrees for two hours. 90 degrees * 1 hour = 90 degree-hours 45 degrees * 2 hours = 90 degree-hours 30 degrees * 3 hours = 90 degree-hours

3. Actual Lab data Species ASpecies B Eggs1 1 st Instar2 2 nd Instar12 3 rd Feeding 3 rd Migrating 3 Pre-Pupae Pupae Adult2 Species ASpecies B Eggs1 1 st Instar31 2 nd Instar52 3 rd Feeding 3 3 rd Migrating 4 Pre-Pupae Pupae Adult41 Adult Woman in CabinAdult Man in Cabin 3 rd Instar Migrating were the most developed larvae from Species A and 2 nd Instar were the most developed from Species B. The adult flies from each species represent those laying eggs NOT adults resulting from a full life cycle.

4. Degree-Hour Determination Knowns Bodies discovered at 1:00PM on June 20 Insects collected at 3:00PM on June 20 Weather type (sunny, partly cloudy, overcast) Weather events (rain, thunderstorms, snow) Daily average temperature Male and Female had the same species and lifecycles present (Migrating 3 rd Instar Species A, 2 nd Instar Species B) Unknowns Elapsed degree-hours for each day Degree-hours for each life stage of both species Cumulative degree-hours for each life stage of both species Average Temperature for the month of June Which day the adult insect from both species laid its eggs (PMI) Earliest and latest time the insects began developing

5. Elapsed degree-hours for each day Every daily average temperature in the month will be multiplied by 24 except June 20. The collection time was 3:00PM on June 20, this tells us to multiply the average temperature on this day by 15 hours (12:00AM through 3:00PM = 15hrs) instead of 24 hours Lab Procedure 2, Step 2: Determine the number of degree hours for each day using the weather service data. To do this, multiply the average temperature times 24 hours for each day. This can be performed in a spreadsheet.

6. Elapsed degree-hours for each day DAYAVGDEPAR- TURE FROM NORMAL HEATINGCOOLINGTOTAL WATER EQUIV SNOW-FALL, ICE PELLETS SNOW, ICE PELLETS OR ICE ON GROUND AVG SPEED (MPH) AVG SPEED (KPH) SKY COVER SUNRISE- SUNSET WEATHER OCCURENCES PEAK WIND (KPH) degree hours 113.2-1.92.20.00.00006.310.0860 S 18.7 386.666667 212.5-3.0-1.73.30.00.090013.822.0860 SE 26.2 360 312.8-5.2-2.95.60.00.190017.227.5285 SW 33.3 306.666667 412.5-4.7-2.65.00.00.280012.319.6891 W 38.6 320 513.21.40.80.01.10.000011.117.7671,2 W 28.3 466.666667 612.42.61.40.02.20.00008.112.9660 SW 24.3 493.333333 712.61.40.80.01.10.07006.310.0880 S 16.7 466.666667 814.7-1.90.0 0.110013.221.1280 S 27.9 386.666667 914.50.90.50.00.60.00004.26.7230 SE 10.3 453.333333 1013.2-1.90.0 0.00008.8814.20860 S 22.7 386.666667 1113.1-2.7-1.50.0 0.670019.631.3663,5 S 32.4 367.2 1214.2-7.5-4.20.0 1.13T023.537.681,3,5 SW 43.8 252 1310.7-5.9-3.30.0 0.230014.222.7271,2 S 29.8 290.4 1411.5-3.0-1.70.0 0.020010.516.881 S 24.5 360 1512.8-5.2-2.90.0 T0011.919.0440 SW 23 306.666667 1612.7-4.7-2.60.0 0.00006.410.2430 W 19.2 320 1712.9-5.1-2.80.0 0.00009.515.230 S 27.2 309.6 1812.7-1.6-0.90.0 0.000011.117.7620 W 26.3 393.6 1912.8-2.1-1.20.02.80.00004.67.3610 SW 17.8 381.6 2012.90.40.20.05.00.00007.411.8410 W 23.1 276

7. Degree-Hour Determination Knowns Bodies discovered at 1:00PM on June 20 Insects collected at 3:00PM on June 20 Weather type (sunny, partly cloudy, overcast) Weather events (rain, thunderstorms, snow) Daily average temperature Male and Female had the same species and lifecycles present (Migrating 3 rd Instar Species A, 2 nd Instar Species B) Unknowns Elapsed degree-hours for each day Degree-hours for each life stage of both species Cumulative degree-hours for each life stage of both species Average Temperature for the month of June Which day the adult insect from both species laid its eggs (PMI) Earliest and latest time the insects began developing

8. Degree-hours for each life stage: Species A Lab Procedure 2, Step 3: Determine the number of degree-hours required for each life stage of both species. To do this, multiply the number of hours by the degrees Celsius given in the life cycle table. Temp °C Egg1 st Instar2 nd InstarFeeding 3 rd Instar Migrating 3 rd Instar Pupa 2121 hrs31 hrs26 hrs50 hrs118 hrs240 hrs 21 hrs *21˚C = 441 deg-hrs 31*21 = 651 26*21 = 546 50*21 = 1050 118*21 = 2478 240*21 = 5040

9. Degree-hours for each life stage: Species B Lab Procedure 2, Step 3: Determine the number of degree hours required for each life stage of both species. To do this, multiply the number of hours by the degrees Celsius given in the table. Temp °C Egg1 st Instar2 nd InstarFeeding 3 rd Instar Migrating 3 rd Instar Pupa 2125 hrs37 hrs31 hrs60 hrs124 hrs286 hrs 25*21 = 525 37*21 = 777 31*21 = 651 60*21 = 1260 124*21 = 2604 286*21 = 6006

10. Degree-Hour Determination Knowns Bodies discovered at 1:00PM on June 20 Insects collected at 3:00PM on June 20 Weather type (sunny, partly cloudy, overcast) Weather events (rain, thunderstorms, snow) Daily average temperature Male and Female had the same species and lifecycles present (Migrating 3 rd Instar Species A, 2 nd Instar Species B) Unknowns Elapsed degree-hours for each day Degree-hours for each life stage of both species Cumulative degree-hours for each life stage of both species Average Temperature for the month of June Which day the adult insect from both species laid its eggs (PMI) Earliest and latest time the insects began developing

11. Cumulative degree-hours for each life stage: Species A Lab Procedure 2, Step 4: By adding all the degree hours for each of the six life stages together, you calculate the cumulative degree hours required for an adult fly to develop at 21°C. Temp °CEgg1 st Instar2 nd InstarFeeding 3 rd Instar Migrating 3 rd Instar Pupa 21 312650118240 Deg Hrs441651546105024785040 Cum. Deg Hrs 441

12. Cumulative degree-hours for each life stage: Species A Lab Procedure 2, Step 4: By adding all the degree hours for each of the six life stages together, you calculate the cumulative degree hours required for an adult fly to develop at 21°C. Temp °CEgg1 st Instar2 nd InstarFeeding 3 rd Instar Migrating 3 rd Instar Pupa 21 312650118240 Deg Hrs441651546105024785040 Cum. Deg Hrs 441651+441 = 1092

13. Cumulative degree-hours for each life stage: Species A Lab Procedure 2, Step 4: By adding all the degree hours for each of the six life stages together, you calculate the cumulative degree hours required for an adult fly to develop at 21°C. Temp °CEgg1 st Instar2 nd InstarFeeding 3 rd Instar Migrating 3 rd Instar Pupa 21 312650118240 Deg Hrs441651546105024785040 Cum. Deg Hrs 441651+441 = 1092 546+1092 = 1638

14. Cumulative degree-hours for each life stage: Species A Lab Procedure 2, Step 4: By adding all the degree hours for each of the six life stages together, you calculate the cumulative degree hours required for an adult fly to develop at 21°C. Temp °CEgg1 st Instar2 nd InstarFeeding 3 rd Instar Migrating 3 rd Instar Pupa 21 312650118240 Deg Hrs441651546105024785040 Cum. Deg Hrs 441651+441 = 1092 546+1092 = 1638 1050+1638 = 2688

15. Cumulative degree-hours for each life stage: Species A Lab Procedure 2, Step 4: By adding all the degree hours for each of the six life stages together, you calculate the cumulative degree hours required for an adult fly to develop at 21°C. Temp °CEgg1 st Instar2 nd InstarFeeding 3 rd Instar Migrating 3 rd Instar Pupa 21 312650118240 Deg Hrs441651546105024785040 Cum. Deg Hrs 441651+441 = 1092 546+1092 = 1638 1050+1638 = 2688 2478+2688 =5166

16. Cumulative degree-hours for each life stage: Species A Lab Procedure 2, Step 4: By adding all the degree hours for each of the six life stages together, you calculate the cumulative degree hours required for an adult fly to develop at 21°C. Temp °CEgg1 st Instar2 nd InstarFeeding 3 rd Instar Migrating 3 rd Instar Pupa 21 312650118240 Deg Hrs441651546105024785040 Cum. Deg Hrs 441651+441 = 1092 546+1092 = 1638 1050+1638 = 2688 2478+2688 =5166 5040+5166 =10206

17. Cumulative degree-hours for each life stage: Species A Lab Procedure 2, Step 4: By adding all the degree hours for each of the six life stages together, you calculate the Accumulated degree hours required for an adult fly to develop at 21°C. Temp °CEgg1 st Instar2 nd InstarFeeding 3 rd Instar Migrating 3 rd Instar Pupa 21 312650118240 Deg Hrs441651546105024785040 Accum. Deg Hrs (ADH) 441651+441 = 1092 546+1092 = 1638 1050+1638 = 2688 2478+2688 =5166 5040+5166 =10206 Accumulated degree-hours (ADH) = Sum of degree hours at each stage = 10206

18. Now we will repeat the Accumulated degree-hours calculation for Species B

19. Cumulative degree-hours for each life stage: Species B Lab Procedure 2, Step 4: By adding all the degree hours for each of the six life stages together, you calculate the Accumulated degree hours required for an adult fly to develop at 21°C. Temp °CEgg1 st Instar2 nd InstarFeeding 3 rd Instar Migrating 3 rd Instar Pupa 2125373160124286 Deg Hrs525777651126026046006 Accum. Deg Hrs (ADH) 525777+525 = 1302 651+1302 = 1953 1260+1953 = 3213 2604+3213 = 5817 6006+5817 = 11823 Accumulated degree-hours (ADH) = Sum of the degree hours at each stage = 11823

20. Degree-Hour Determination Knowns Bodies discovered at 1:00PM on June 20 Insects collected at 3:00PM on June 20 Weather type (sunny, partly cloudy, overcast) Weather events (rain, thunderstorms, snow) Daily average temperature Male and Female had the same species and lifecycles present (Migrating 3 rd Instar Species A, 2 nd Instar Species B) Unknowns Elapsed degree-hours for each day Degree-hours for each life stage of both species Accumulative degree-hours for each life stage of both species Average Temperature for the month of June Which day the adult insect from both species laid its eggs (PMI) Earliest and latest time the insects began developing

21. Elapsed degree-hours for each day DAYAVG 113.2 212.5 312.8 412.5 513.2 612.4 712.6 814.7 914.5 1013.2 1113.1 1214.2 1310.7 1411.5 1512.8 1612.7 1712.9 1812.7 1912.8 2012.9 Average temp for the month = 12.9◦C

22. Degree-Hour Determination Knowns Bodies discovered at 1:00PM on June 20 Insects collected at 3:00PM on June 20 Weather type (sunny, partly cloudy, overcast) Weather events (rain, thunderstorms, snow) Daily average temperature Male and Female had the same species and lifecycles present (Migrating 3 rd Instar Species A, 2 nd Instar Species B) Unknowns Elapsed degree-hours for each day Degree-hours for each life stage of both species Cumulative degree-hours for each life stage of both species Average Temperature for the month of June Which day the adult insect from both species laid its eggs Earliest and latest time the insects began developing

23. Calculating the PMI Post Mortem Interval = ADH/Average actual temp = 2688/12.9 = 208 hours (divide by 24) = 8.68 days (multiply.68*24 for hours) = 8 days, 15 hours Use the ADH from the Feeding 3 rd Instar – species A because that is the maximum amount of time needed (the ADH for 2 nd Instar – species B is only 1302 hrs)

24. Conclusion: Bodies have been dead for a minimum of 8 days, 16 hours DAYdegree hours 9453.333333 10386.666667 11367.2 12252 13290.4 14360 15306.666667 16320 17309.6 18393.6 19381.6 20276 THUNDERSTORM The post mortem interval was calculated to be 8 days, 16 hours, but we know that the storm occurred on the evening of the 11 th, so we conjecture that the flies were active at least an hour on the 11 th to give them time to lay the eggs, thus bringing our PMI to a minimum of 8 days, 16 hours. The actual PMI, which is unknown, may vary up to 12 hours more than this calculation due to weather. Students’ calculations may vary by up to a day later. Post Mortem Interval = 8 days, 15 hours