1. Nazi Policies Towards the Youth Learning Intentions: 1.We will be able to explain how the Nazi Party attempted to control the lives of the German youth 2.We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education 3.We will be able to evaluate the success of Nazi Party policies in winning the hearts and minds of the German youth “In my great educative work I am beginning with the young. We older ones are used up…We are cowardly and sentimental…I intend to have an athletic youth…In this way I shall eradicate the thousands of years of human domestication. Then I shall have in front of me the pure and noble natural material. With this I can create the new order.” - Hitler

3. Hitler & the Youth LI: We will be able to explain how the Nazi Party attempted to control the lives of the German youth Hitler pretended that he loved children; Children were, after all, the future of the nation; In reality they were simply another took to ensure his long-term support in Germany. All young people were supposed to join a Nazi Youth Movement. Other youth movements such as the Scouts and Girl Guides, were banned.

4. Nazi Youth Groups LI: We will be able to explain how the Nazi Party attempted to control the lives of the German youth Nazi Youth Groups were organised to ensure a new generation of committed Nazis Founded in 1922 and grew to about 100,000 members in 1932 In 1936 the groups were made compulsory and grew to 9 million members by 1939 The Nazi Youth movement was highly structured and was made up of different stages depending on age “When an opponent says to me: ‘I will not come over to your side’ I calmly say ‘Your child belongs to us already’ - Hitler

5. Hitler’s Youth LI: We will be able to explain how the Nazi Party attempted to control the lives of the German youth

6. Hitler’s Youth for Girls LI: We will be able to explain how the Nazi Party attempted to control the lives of the German youth The Bund Deutscher Mädel (BMD or League of German Maidens) taught young girls of their future roles in society: to mother more Germans; They emphasised values of obedience, self-control, and discipline. They taught women how to be ‘good Nazi wives and mothers and how to raise children that will also embody these ideals.

7. Youth Organisations LI: We will be able to explain how the Nazi Party attempted to control the lives of the German youth Age Boys Led by Baldur von Schirach “He who serves our Fuhrer, Adolf Hitler, serves Germany and he who serves Germany serves God” Girls Led by Gertrud Scholz-Klink “Through our weapon be but a wooden spoon, it must become as powerful as other weapons” Over 18 Joing the Labour Front for 6 months’ compulsory work Could join Faith and Beauty to prepare them for their role as wives and mothers 14 – 18 Hitler Youth The Hitlerjugend (HJ) The League of German Maidens (Bund Deutscher Mädchen – BDM) 10 – 14 German Young Folk (Deutsches Jungvolk – DJ) Young Girls (The Jungmädel – JM) 6 – 10 Little Fellows (Pimpfen)

8. Successes and Failures of Hitler’s Youth LI: We will be able to explain how the Nazi Party attempted to control the lives of the German youth General ReasonsBoysGirls Popular Features Sharp new uniform Free badges, gifts Chance to socialise War games Camping trips Mountain climbing Shooting practice Sports Aerobics Cookery classes Unpopular Features Attendance became compulsory when war broke out in 1939 Annoying for those with other outside interests Too much stress on creating soldiers: 12 miles marches were common Only 25% of boys joined up voluntarily before 1939 Too much stress on making good mothers. Some people said that BDM stood for Bund Deutsche Mikkühe (League of German Milk Cows!

9. Lebensborn LI: We will be able to explain how the Nazi Party attempted to control the lives of the German youth Translates to ‘wellspring life’ or ‘fountain of life’ The purpose was to offer young girls who were deemed ‘racially pure’ the possibility to give birth to a child in secret Aiming to create a super- race In order to participate you had to pass a ‘racial purity’ test Blonde hair and blue eyes were preferred, and family lineage had to be traced back at least three generations

10. Were children indoctrinated at school? LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education The Nazi Minister of Education was Bernhard Rust. He focused on controlling the education of Germany’s young people through three key areas: control of the curriculum, control of teachers, and establishing specialist schools. In 1938, Bernhard Rust stated that “The whole function of education is to create Nazis”. “Fuehrer, my Fuerhrer given me by God, Protect and preserve my life long. You rescued Germany from its deepest need. I thank you for my daily bread. Stay for a long time with me, leave me not. Fuerhrer, my Fuehrer, my faith, my light. Hail my Fuehrer.’

11. Nazification of Schools LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education Teachers were the largest singles professional group within Nazi party (32%) Teachers had to join the National Socialist Teachers Alliance or be sacked The alliance indoctrinated teachers in Nazi ideology All Jewish teachers lost their jobs Jewish children were not allowed to attend schools after 1938 By 1939, church-controlled (or denominational) schools had been abolished National Political Training institutes were elite military academies

12. Nazification of Schools LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education Adolf Hitler schools were highly selective schools that taught racial and political studies Castles of Order were set up to train the next generation of Nazi leaders German universities had to change their focus towards science and technology All university students had to attend physical and ideological training sessions at least twice a week However, by 1940 some leaders realised that this approach was causing Germany to fall behind in scientific and technological research

13. Were children indoctrinated at school? LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education “The Aryans (Nordic people) were tall, light- skinned, light-eyed, blonde people…Everywhere Nordic creative power has built up might empires with noble ideas” Nazi Curriculum 1.Biology 1.Religious Education 1.Geography 1.History 1.Maths 1.Physical Education

14. Were children indoctrinated at school? LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education Nazi Curriculum 1.Biology 1.Religious Education 1.Geography 1.History 1.Maths 1.Physical Education “The Jews are aliens in Germany. In 1933 there were 6,606,000 inhabitants of the German Reich of whom 499,862 were Jews. What is the percentage of aliens in Germany?”

15. Were children indoctrinated at school? LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education Nazi Curriculum 1.Biology 1.Religious Education 1.Geography 1.History 1.Maths 1.Physical Education “Sport exists to make a person strong, agile and bold…a young German must be swift as a greyhound, as tough as leather, and as hard as Krupps steel to help create the Master Race ”

16. Were children indoctrinated at school? LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education Nazi Curriculum 1.Biology 1.Religious Education 1.Geography 1.History 1.Maths 1.Physical Education “On the day of National Socialist victory, the Communists…attempted to organise armed resistance by subhumans in Germany. The burning of the Reichstag was supposed to be the torch that brought forth bloody insurrection…they failed”

17. Were children indoctrinated at school? LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education Nazi Curriculum 1.Biology 1.Religious Education 1.Geography 1.History 1.Maths 1.Physical Education “Despite the great decrease in birth rate, the German people, with a population density of 133.5 for square kilometre, remain a crowded people…we need lebensraum if we do not again want to see large amounts of German blood emigrating to other nations”

18. What was school life like for children? LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education Education was controlled by the Nazis Children were taught about the greatness of Hitler e.g. on his birthday they had to place flowers behind the pictures of Hitler at home and at school. Primary Schools Children were taught fairy stories of Nazi knights who saved maidens from bad Russian gnomes. In maths the young child had to count the number of SS guards. From birth children were told that the Germans were the master race. Secondary School Teachers had to be Nazi members The secondary curriculum included biology, which emphasised the supremacy of the German race. In History Germans were taught how the Treaty of Versailles was unfair. In Maths questions included the area of a swastika.

19. What was school life like for girls? LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education A visit to a Nazi girls’ school, recorded in ‘Education for Death’ by Gregor Ziemer in 1942. ‘The school bell called the girls…before I visited the classes I spoke to the head teacher. She told me that every class in the school was built around a course called ‘Activities of Women’. This course was divided into handwork, domestic science, cooking, house and garden work – and the most section – breeding and hygiene. This section dealt with sex education, birth, childcare…? What does this source tell us about the lessons taken by girls?

20. What was school life like for girls? LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education A typical timetable followed at a girls’ school PeriodMonTuesWedThursFriSat 1German 2GeogHistorySingingGeogHistSinging 3Race Study 4Break – Sports with Special Announcements 5Domestic Science with Mathematics 6Eugenics, Health Biology and Sport

21. What was school life like for boys? LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education An official statement on the purpose of education for boys ‘German Language, History, Geography, Chemistry and Mathematics must concentrate on military subjects – the glorification of military service and of German heroes…15% of time was given to Physical Education and boxing was compulsory” Why do you think that the Nazis wished to influence the boys curriculum in this way?

22. Teaching in Nazi Germany LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education Many teachers were pro Nazi as they had been poorly paid during the Weimar period. The Nazi’s were nevertheless keen to keep control of the teaching profession Membership of the Nazi Teachers’ Association became compulsory after 1933. This made the process of indoctrination much easier for the Nazi Party, with teacher’s being only too willing to pass on Nazi ideas within the classroom. Those teacher’s who were thought to be lacking in loyalty and not willing to ‘defend without reservation the National-Socialist state’ were sacked.

23. Hitler’s control of the Youth LI: We will be able to explain how German children were indoctrinated with Nazi party ideas through their education Using three or four points, explain the methods used by Hitler to develop a youth that would be devoted to the Nazi Party? (10 marks)