1. Describe How Humans Use And Are Affected By Micro-Organisms A.S.90168 2 credits

2. This is a small but interesting standard. The subject matter is part of our everyday life. HOW? The type of answers expected in this standard involve a lot of written explanations that must have the correct scientific terms.

4. Mega Spelling list You need to know how to spell these words and what they mean. inoculate extra cellular digestion enzyme pathogen respiration saprophyte aerobic nutrition anaerobic hyphae excretion binary fission spores growth reproduction toxin parasite capsule sporangium flagella disinfectant

5. Bacteria Shapes

6. Bacteria Structure You need to be able to label the following parts of a typical bacteria: Capsule Cell wall and membrane DNA or nuclear material (no nucleus) Flagella Cytoplasm Task Draw a typical bacteria and label it from the following the next slide

7. 8/28/2015 Bacterial Cell structure You must be able to draw a basic bacteria capsule flagellum cell membrane nuclear material cell wall a b c d e f cytoplasm

8. A Typical Bacteria

9. Typical Bacteria Drawings

10. A Typical Bacteria

11. Reproduction of Micro organisms  A bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes in ideal conditions.  The process is called binary fission  Binary fission involves a unicellular organism (like bacteria) dividing in half after the genetic material has duplicated and separated.  Graphical image of pop vs. time

12. Making Flash Cards (to help you learn the definitions) Come and get 22 flash cards Write the 22 important microbe words on one side of each card Use the NCEA biology text to write definitions for each word on the other side of that word Now you have a set of 22 cards (keep them in a safe place!)

13. Flash Card list inoculate extra cellular digestion enzyme pathogen respiration saprophyte aerobic nutrition anaerobic hyphae excretion binary fission spores growth reproduction toxin parasite capsule sporangium flagella disinfectant cytoplasm

14. 8/28/2015 Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into two identical daughter cells

15. Starter Bacteria grow then reproduce by _______ in two a______. This process is called __________. In ideal conditions bacteria can double their numbers every ___ minutes. splitting sexually binary binary fission 20

16. 8/28/2015 Bacteria grow and divide by a process calledBinary fission What conditions allow bacteria to divide so quickly? 1.Warmth 2.Food 3.Space 4.moisture

17. 8/28/2015 Bacteria growth in ideal conditions Why the numbers of bacteria vary in each section? A B C D

18. Flash card activity Each student writes a neat table in their book Three columns with headings 1. Word 2. Definition correct 3. Revision

19. Flash Card Activity Get into pairs One person picks 5 cards at a time from the other persons 20 Each person is to ask the other a definition from each of their 5 flask cards (the person asking writes the word down in the table) If the person answers incorrectly the student asking replies – eg - Saprophyte is a micro-organism that lives off dead or decaying matter The other student then repeats the definition back in exactly the same manner If they get it right they get a cross by their name in the definition column and the card goes to the bottom of the pile of 5 If the student got it right first time then the card goes on another pile of revision cards and the student gets a tick in the revision column

20. Flash Card Activity Go through the 5 cards until they are answered correctly and are all on the revision list Then the pair reverse roles and repeat the activity This goes on until each person has the 22 cards in the revision pile

21. 8/28/2015 Bacteria Feeding  Bacteria feed by a process called extracellular digestion  What does this mean?

22. 8/28/2015 Food Safety  Cut out the boxes from the sheet and place (not glue) at the temperature you think they should go  Read pages 30 – 31 in living world text  Then glue the box by the correct temperature and glue the sheet into your book  How many did you get right?

23. 8/28/2015 Handling Food to minimize microbe growth Under the headings:  Buying food  Storing food  Preparing food  Cooking food Make brief neat notes on how to minimize microbe growth on food (you must say why the process reduces microbe growth) from pages 30 and 31 you have 10 minutes

24. Bacteria Uses - sewage 8/28/2015

25. Bacteria Uses - sewage 8/28/2015 These are the aeration trickle towers at Bromley- bacteria operate in aerobic conditions to break down waste

26. Cheese Making Read page 34 in the living world text Then for your favourite cheese draw a flow diagram of the process from the picture on page 35

27. Bacteria Uses – sewage treatment Aeration tank or trickle filter: Here liquid waste is aerated using air bubbles or trickled over corrugated plastic sheet (to increase the surface area for bacteria to breakdown organic material) Primary settlement tank solids are removed to the anaerobic digester Secondary settlement tank- activated sludge returned to aeration tank Anaerobic digestion – methane is removed and used to generate electricity The sludge is removed and used as fertiliser Effluent removed for discharge to ponds before discharge to estuary

28. Bacteria Uses – cheese and yogurt Certain bacteria produce cheese and yoghurt For example the bacteria lactobacillus use the lactose in milk as food to produce lactic acid. This lactic acid allows a chemical called renin to curdle the protein in the milk to make curds. The curds be kept with the milk to form yoghurt If the curds are removed from the whey and dried they make cheese Different bacteria create different flavoured cheeses.

29. Starter Draw a labeled fungi diagram draw a labeled bacteria diagram capsule flagellum cell membrane nuclear material cell wall a b c d e f cytoplasm What is pasteurisation?

30. Starter-thinking question Antibiotics are not effective at destroying ______infections. If this is the case why is it that doctors will often prescribe antibiotics when you have the flu?

31. Pathogenic Bacteria Some bacteria harm the body by killing the cells they attack Some of the most deadly bacteria cause disease by producing poisonous substances or toxins read pages 183 – 186 Micro organisms and disease for homework biology and Human biology complete Q 2 page 187 checked Wed (very important) you may need to read whole chapter for answers

32. 8/28/2015

34. Crustose Foliose Fruticose

35. Typical Fungi Draw and label the Sporangia Spores hyphae

36. Fungi Reproduction Fungi reproduction involve the release of spores These spores grow into fungi Fungi reproduce and grow in warm, moist conditions in aerobic or anaerobic conditions

37. Fungi Feed by extra cellular digestion

38. Beneficial Fungi The enzyme zymase from the fungi yeast produces alcohol from glucose in the fermentation process (anaerobic respiration) glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide CO 2 from this process is used in bread making and beer production The ethanol produced in fermentation is the alcohol produced in the brewing of beer and wine making Fermentation is an example of anaerobic respiration.

39. Read page 8 of living world Copy the 2 boxes (aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration) neatly into your book Relative Sizes of Microbes Fungi and bacteria are small – but viruses are a lot smaller than bacteria and fungi

40. Covered in class Specific learning objectives (SLO) 1Recognise that micro-organisms are very tiny and found almost everywhere on Earth and in and on living things. 2Appreciate the relative sizes of bacteria, fungi and viruses. 3Describe the structure and life processes of bacteria. 4Describe the structure and life processes of fungi. 5Describe the structure and “life processes” of viruses. 6Safely culture bacteria and fungi. 7Understand the factors that affect the life processes of micro-organisms. The factors are water, temperature, oxygen availability, presence of suitable nutrients, host species, competitors, disinfectants and antibiotics. 8Know something about how humans use/benefit from micro-organisms eg helpful micro-organisms in the body, in industry, in medicine, in the environment and in food. 9Describe how humans are affected by micro-organisms ie disease. 10Have some basic ideas on how humans defend themselves against micro- organisms. 11Understand how micro-organisms can become resistant to antibiotics. 12Be familiar with, and able to use, these terms (as well as those in bold above); nutrition growth respiration flagella capsule hyphae Toxin spores reproduction excretion enzyme sporangium inoculate binary fission aerobic anaerobic parasite extracellular digestion pathogen saprophyte

41. Viruses

42. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

43. In the US, there is better than a 1/1000 chance of contracting HIV during unprotected sex A person can be contagious for more than 10 years before any sign of the disease is apparent HIV becomes AIDS when the number of immune cells drops below a predetermined number No one dies from HIV or AIDS; people die from secondary infections (ranging from the common cold to cancer) More than 3 million people (size of Chicago) die each year There are approx. 14,000 new cases of HIV worldwide every day Think about it…

44. All viruses are………. PATHOGENIC

45. Viruses You must also be able to draw and label a virus

46. Viruses are very simple forms of life it is even debatable whether they are alive! Structure Viruses are very small (much smaller than bacteria) They are made of two parts 1.A piece of genetic material DNA or RNA 2.A protein case

47. What is a virus? A virus is a non-cellular, non living particle made up of genetic material and protein coat that can invade living cells to make copies.

48. Important Virus Information Viruses do not feed on nutrients this means they can not be grown on agar plates They can only reproduce using the DNA of a living cell This reproduction process destroys the host cell

49. Virus Structure Genetic Material Protein coat

50. Viruses enter bacterial cells by punching a hole in the cells wall and injecting its DNA Viruses Enter Living Cells

51. Simplified virus reproduction

52. Virus Reproduction reprogram The test on microbes will be next Wed

53. Virus life cycle

54. Viruses are pathogenic, are they useful? Yes – calicivirus to control rabbits What do antibiotics do? Antibiotics kill bacteria by affecting cellular processes of the bacterium or by preventing the formation of a cell wall. (without affecting human cells)

55. Virus Structure Viruses have many different shapes.

56. photosynthesis decomposers combustion respiration

57. denitrifying bacteria animal waste decomposers bacteria/fungi Nitrogen in atmosphere Fixation by nitrogen fixing bacteria from air (legume root nodules) atmospheric fixation

58. Nitrogen fixation (biological) Nitrogen fixation (industry) decay Nitrification Denitrification

59. Activity Turn to page 181 in Blue NCEA Level 1 Bio book Under the heading Antibiotics write notes to explain what antibiotics are What microbes aren’t antibiotics effective against? and why Why do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

60. Homework for this week. Check out the NZQA web site and do the 2005 or 2006 exam Test in 7 days

61. Hard Question? An enzyme is a p_____ mo_____that speeds up r_______ in nature ie acts as a c_______ A spore is a s____ c___ involved in the r_________ of f____ roteinlecule eactions ingle ell eproduction ungi atalyst

62. Food Preservation Food usually goes off/bad because of micro- organism activity.  How does pickling preserve food?  ……………………………..dehydration?  ………………………………salting?  ………………………………preservatives?  ………………………………bottling/canning?  Why is freezing not a totally sound defence against bacteria and fungi?  So the ideal conditions for micro-organism growth are ________, ________, _______.

63. What is fermentation? A form of anaerobic respiration. A process where sugar is converted into carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast. Why? Antiseptic/disinfectant difference? One kills micro-organisms in a wound to prevent infection A disinfectant kills micro-organisms anywhere.

64. Take all the Medicine Why?  A tiny amount of micro-organisms mutate and can be resistant to medicine.  Your body is helped by medicines to overcome a pathogen.  When you feel better there may still be significant numbers of pathogens remaining.  One of these pathogens could be a resistant strain and if not killed then it can start a strain of the pathogen that is resistant to current medicines.

65. Text Reference Units 1 and 2 Homework for 2 weeks Questions from units 1 and 2